Consideration of the Hawaiian Collector Urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, as a Biocontrol Agent.

M.S. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2018

Comparison of the Interpretation of Statutes and Collective Bargaining Agreements: Grasping the Pivot of Tao, A

There has been an explosion in writing about statutory interpretation in recent years. Legal scholars have responded to theoretical writing about interpretation in general and to articles and judicial opinions by judges with an impressive array of articles and books. The purpose of this Article is to reflect on some of the common assumptions and interpretive practices of arbitrators in the light of this writing about statutory interpretation

Evidence for a glacial refugium in south-central Beringia using modern analogs: a 152.2 kyr palynological record from IODP Expedition 323 sediment

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2014Palynological assemblages from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 323 (Bering Sea Expedition) site U1343, on the edge of the Bering Sea Shelf, permit reconstruction of the terrestrial vegetation of the southern margin of central Beringia. Previous research indicates that central Beringia was a glacial refugium for boreal vegetation, which expanded into eastern and western Beringia as glaciers retreated. This hypothesis has been difficult to test because sampling has been largely restricted to eastern and western Beringia and islands in the Bering Sea. Pollen grains and spores preserved in core samples from site U1343 provide a record of central Beringian vegetation over the past 152.2 kyr at a resolution of ~10 kyr. Grass (Poaceae ≥ 17.4%) and sedge (Cyperaceae ≥ 17.1%) pollen dominate the assemblages, indicating the presence of graminoid tundra. Lower abundances of spruce (Picea ≤ 8.5%), birch (Betula ≤ 19.9%), and alder (Alnus ≤ 27.7%) pollen are consistently present throughout glacial/interglacial cycles, suggesting that trees and shrubs remained in central Beringia during glacial maxima. Sphagnum spores (3.4-10.9%) in all samples indicate locally or regionally mesic conditions during marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 1-6. Minimum site paludification during MIS 2, indicated by high ratios of angiosperm pollen to Sphagnum spores, coincides with the lowest shrub/herb ratios in our record, suggesting that conditions were drier and woody plants were sparse during the last glacial maximum

Book Review Essay

Getting Disputes Resolved is an important addition to the growing body of scholarly and how-to-do-it literature on disputing and dispute processing. It offers guidelines and advice on designing and implementing dispute resolution systems that are based on the authors\u27 experience as designers of dispute resolution systems in the coal industry. The authors are among the more prominent scholar-practitioners in the dispute resolution field. William L. Ury, associate director of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, co-authored (with R. Fisher) Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreements Without Giving In. Jeanne M. Brett, J.L. Kellogg Professor of Dispute Resolutions and Organizations at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University, helped develop dispute resolution teaching materials in use at over 100 business schools. Stephen B. Goldberg, Professor of Law at Northwestern University Law School, coauthored (with E. Green and F. Sander) Dispute Resolution, which won the 1985 Center for Public Resources book prize for excellence and innovation in alternative dispute resolution. The authors hope the book will be read by those who handle disputes as part of their profession, those who want to improve the way their organization deals with disputes, organizational consultants who discover that a dispute resolution system is part of a problem they have been asked to solve, and scholars and students interested in alternative dispute resolution systems

Theory and observations of ice particle evolution in cirrus using Doppler radar: evidence for aggregation

Vertically pointing Doppler radar has been used to study the evolution of ice particles as they sediment through a cirrus cloud. The measured Doppler fall speeds, together with radar-derived estimates for the altitude of cloud top, are used to estimate a characteristic fall time tc for the `average' ice particle. The change in radar reflectivity Z is studied as a function of tc, and is found to increase exponentially with fall time. We use the idea of dynamically scaling particle size distributions to show that this behaviour implies exponential growth of the average particle size, and argue that this exponential growth is a signature of ice crystal aggregation.Comment: accepted to Geophysical Research Letter

Estimating drizzle drop size and precipitation rate using two-colour lidar measurements

A method to estimate the size and liquid water content of drizzle drops using lidar measurements at two wavelengths is described. The method exploits the differential absorption of infrared light by liquid water at 905 nm and 1.5 μm, which leads to a different backscatter cross section for water drops larger than ≈50 μm. The ratio of backscatter measured from drizzle samples below cloud base at these two wavelengths (the colour ratio) provides a measure of the median volume drop diameter D0. This is a strong effect: for D0=200 μm, a colour ratio of ≈6 dB is predicted. Once D0 is known, the measured backscatter at 905 nm can be used to calculate the liquid water content (LWC) and other moments of the drizzle drop distribution. The method is applied to observations of drizzle falling from stratocumulus and stratus clouds. High resolution (32 s, 36 m) profiles of D0, LWC and precipitation rate R are derived. The main sources of error in the technique are the need to assume a value for the dispersion parameter μ in the drop size spectrum (leading to at most a 35% error in R) and the influence of aerosol returns on the retrieval (≈10% error in R for the cases considered here). Radar reflectivities are also computed from the lidar data, and compared to independent measurements from a colocated cloud radar, offering independent validation of the derived drop size distributions