Attitudes toward brushing children's teeth—A study among parents with immigrant status in Norway

Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common chronic childhood disease with multifactorial etiology including poor parental dietary and hygiene behaviors. Aim This study aimed to assess toothbrushing‐related perceptions among parents with immigrant background living in Norway. Design A structured interview was performed with immigrant parents to assess their oral health‐related knowledge, beliefs, and attitude toward toothbrushing. Immigrant parents of non‐Western origin with newborn infants (0‐6 months) were included in this study. Results Of those interviewed, 66% chose to participate and they were found to have an average favorable attitudes, subjective norms, and strong perceptions of control related to child's tooth brushing with reported means of (3.3), (3.6), and (4.6), respectively. They had on average low indulgence (mean 7.8) with respect to this behavior and a relatively high level of knowledge (mean 6.9). Parents with strong intention toward toothbrushing (61%) had on average more frequent oral hygiene behavior than parents with weak intentions. Conclusion Parents with non‐Western origin have adequate knowledge and intention toward toothbrushing, although some have an unsatisfactory attitude, which might affect the oral health of their children negatively. Culture and habits are contributing factors in ECC and should be addressed in oral health prevention policies.publishedVersio

Heritable patterns of tooth decay in the permanent dentition: principal components and factor analyses

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dental caries is the result of a complex interplay among environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors, with distinct patterns of decay likely due to specific etiologies. Therefore, global measures of decay, such as the DMFS index, may not be optimal for identifying risk factors that manifest as specific decay patterns, especially if the risk factors such as genetic susceptibility loci have small individual effects. We used two methods to extract patterns of decay from surface-level caries data in order to generate novel phenotypes with which to explore the genetic regulation of caries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The 128 tooth surfaces of the permanent dentition were scored as carious or not by intra-oral examination for 1,068 participants aged 18 to 75 years from 664 biological families. Principal components analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA), two methods of identifying underlying patterns without <it>a priori </it>surface classifications, were applied to our data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The three strongest caries patterns identified by PCA recaptured variation represented by DMFS index (correlation, r = 0.97), pit and fissure surface caries (r = 0.95), and smooth surface caries (r = 0.89). However, together, these three patterns explained only 37% of the variability in the data, indicating that <it>a priori </it>caries measures are insufficient for fully quantifying caries variation. In comparison, the first pattern identified by FA was strongly correlated with pit and fissure surface caries (r = 0.81), but other identified patterns, including a second pattern representing caries of the maxillary incisors, were not representative of any previously defined caries indices. Some patterns identified by PCA and FA were heritable (h²= 30-65%, p = 0.043-0.006), whereas other patterns were not, indicating both genetic and non-genetic etiologies of individual decay patterns.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study demonstrates the use of decay patterns as novel phenotypes to assist in understanding the multifactorial nature of dental caries.</p

Aurora-A Interacts with AP-2α and Down Regulates Its Transcription Activity

Aurora-A is a serine/threonine protein kinase and plays an important role in the control of mitotic progression. Dysregulated expression of Aurora-A impairs centrosome separation and maturation, which lead to disrupted cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which Aurora-A causes cell malignant transformation remains to be further defined. In this report, using transcription factors array and mRNA expression profiling array, we found that overexpression of Aurora-A suppressed transcription activity of AP-2α, a tumor suppressor that is often downregulated in variety of tumors, and inhibited expression of AP-2α-regulated downstream genes. These array-based observations were further confirmed by microwell colorimetric TF assay and luciferase reporter assay. Downregulated transcription activity of AP-2α by Aurora-A was found to be associated with reduced AP-2α protein stability, which appeared to be mediated by Aurora-A enhanced ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of AP-2α protein. Interestingly, Aurora-A-mediated AP-2α degradation was likely dependent Aurora-A kinase activity since inhibition of Aurora-A kinase activity was able to rescue Aurora-A-induced degradation of AP-2α. Moreover, we defined a physical interaction between Aurora-A and AP-2α, and such interaction might bridge the suppressive effect of Aurora-A on AP-2α protein stability. These findings provide new insights into molecular mechanism by which Aurora-A acts as an oncogenic molecule in tumor occurrence and malignant development

Sobremortalidade por diarréia simultânea à cólera na região Nordeste do Brasil Excess mortality by diarrhea simultaneous to a cholera epidemic in Northeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sobremortalidade por diarréia infecciosa, sem diagnóstico etiológico, simultânea à circulação do Vibrio cholerae. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicada modelagem estatística à série histórica dos óbitos ocorridos por "infecções intestinais mal definidas" (Classificação Internacional de Doenças - CID-9) e "diarréia e gastroenterite de origem infecciosa presumível" (CID-10), entre 1980 e 1998, na região Nordeste. Foi obtida a predição de valores esperados a partir de um ponto de descontinuidade. O excesso de mortalidade foi calculado pela diferença entre o observado e o estimado pelo modelo. RESULTADOS: Entre 1992 e 1994, apenas 19,3% dos óbitos por cólera foram efetivamente registrados. Em 1993, ano em que a epidemia atingiu seu ponto máximo na região, a presente modelagem leva a uma estimativa de sub-registro de 82,2%. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontam um grande sub-registro da mortalidade por cólera durante a epidemia na região Nordeste.<br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate excess mortality due to infectious diarrhea without etiological diagnosis, occurring simultaneously to Vibrio cholerae circulation. METHODS: Statistical modeling was applied to a time series of deaths ascribed to "poorly defined intestinal infections" (International Classification of Diseases - ICD-9) and "presumably infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis" (ICD-10), between 1980 and 1998 in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The prediction of expected values was obtained after a discontinuity point. Excess mortality was calculated as the difference between observed figures and those estimated by the model. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 1994, only 19.3% of deaths by cholera were actually notified. In 1993, the year in which the epidemic reached its peak in the area, our modeling estimated underregistration at 82.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate substantial underregistration of cholera mortality during the epidemic in Northeastern Brazil