THE FOURTH COLOUR FILTER OF TRISTIMULUS COLORIMETERS

We have proved that the application of the tristimulus value Xz seems to be unnecessary. It can be suggested that the measuring of the tristimulus value Xz should be left and the sign X2 should be defined from the measured value Z on the base of the following connection: Z X.",,-- - 5,982 It would be more proper to neglect the use of the tristirnulus value X2 but this would need the total reconstructing of the CIE colour-system

Generation of Warm Dense Plasma on Solar Panel Infrastructure in Exo-Atmospheric Conditions

The use of a weaponized thermo-nuclear device in exo-atmospheric conditions would be of great impact on the material integrity of orbiting satellite infrastructure. Particular damage would occur to the multi-layered, solar cell components of such satellites. The rapid absorption of X-ray radiation originating from a nuclear blast into these layers occurs over a picosecond time scale and leads to the generation of Warm Dense Plasma (WDP). While incredibly difficult and costly to replicate in a laboratory setting, a collection of computational techniques and software libraries may be utilized to simulate the intricate atomic and subatomic physics characteristics of such an event. Use of the Monte Carlo sampling method within the Geant4 software library allows for the energy deposition and power density profiles by X-rays into this system to be determined. By understanding and modeling the different factors which can affect the absorption of thermonuclear X-ray radiation, specifically, “cold –X-ray radiation,” in the energy range of approximately 1 to 1.5 keV, the molecular dynamics modeling of WDP generation and evolution can be performed using the LAMMPS code library. One aspect modeled and utilized within this software is the Planck blackbody spectrum of X-rays, assumed to be emitted by the detonation. Another such factor explored is the effect of primary and secondary particle backscattering within the active solar cell layer. Ultimately, it was determined that the primary and secondary particle backscattering of photons and electrons occurs at such a relatively low rate that its effect on the properties of the generated WDP is negligible. Once the energy deposition and power density profiles are determined, LAMMPS is utilized in order to understand the spatio-temporal evolution of the WDP as well as the temperature, stress, and mass density distribution within the material, at its surface, and its immediate vacuum surroundings

Regional Data

Spatiality is an increasingly important dimension in the social sciences, as a new wave of recent publications shows. Intra-national comparisons have proved to be as fruitful as the better known inter-national analysis. Regional characteristics are found to have considerable influence on individual behaviour. This movement was fostered by methodological advances, e.g. in multi-level techniques. On the data side spatial analysis is supported by a good basic infrastructure in official and semi-official information, often provided in the way of easily usable DVDs. In addition, both scientific researchers and commercial marketing firms collect valuable information, partly on a very detailed local level of only a handful of households. However, there is ample room for improvement. Huge existing datasets (e.g. PISA E) are not open for spatial oriented scientific purposes; in many cases regional information is not sufficiently available (e.g. on criminal behaviour); systematic over-sampling in sparsely inhabited areas to allow additional regional analysis is not very common.

Textiles screen-printed with photochromic ethyl cellulose-spirooxazine composite nanoparticles

Photochromic compounds change colour on exposure to light, while the reversion may be attributable either to radiation or may be thermal. The use of photochromism on fabrics can provide new opportunities to develop smart textiles; for example, sensors and active protective clothes. Ethyl cellulose-1,3-dihydro-1,3,3,4,5 (and 1,3,3,5,6) -pentamethyl-spiro-[2H-indole-2,3′-(3H)naphtha(2,1-b)(1,4)oxazine] composites were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion, solvent evaporation method in order to form easily suspendable and fatigue-resistant photochromic nanoparticles in screen-printing paste. Their size was well below 1 μm and did not change substantially over a wide range of dye concentrations. After screen-printing, a homogenous photochromic layer was built on a cotton substrate surface, which represented substantial blue colour development in CIELab colour space measurements because of ultraviolet light, even at a dye concentration of 0.045% w/w. The addition of a photodegradation inhibitor, Tinuvin 144, further increased the coloration of the printed fabric

The kinetics of non-catalyzed supercritical water reforming of ethanol

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 2, 2010).The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file.Dr. Sunggyu Lee, Dissertation Advisor.Vita.Ph. D. University of Missouri--Columbia 2008.Agriculturally produced ethanol, a renewable resource, may be reformed noncatalytically into hydrogen by a novel process utilizing supercritical water, which acts synergistically both as a solvent and as a reactant. By utilizing supercritical water as a reaction medium, many pitfalls of catalytic reformation may be avoided, including catalyst poisoning due to feedstock impurities, catalyst fouling by carbon deposition, and catalyst deactivation. Supercritical water is water above its critical point, 374[degrees]C and 22.1 MPa, and exhibits both liquid and gas-like properties and acts a non-polar solvent. Since supercritical water is denser than steam, supercritical water reactors have the potential of being smaller than their catalytic counterparts. The kinetics of supercritical water reformation of ethanol were experimentally studied using a 1 liter Inconel[copyright] 625 Grade 1 alloy tubular reactor. For the experimental study, the temperature was varied between 901 K and 983 K, the water feed rate was varied between 6.4 g/min and 19.7 g/min, the ethanol feed rate was varied between 0.17 g/min and 2.2 g/min, and the pressure was fixed at 24.2 MPa. All ethanol fed was converted into gaseous products: hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, and carbon monoxide, in order of mole fraction from highest to lowest. Hydrogen was produced by two competing reactions: the direct reformation of ethanol into hydrogen and carbon oxides and the pyrolytic decomposition of ethanol into hydrogen, methane, and carbon oxides. In addition, there is a third, undesirable, reaction x that remarkably occurs in a water-rich environment: the dehydration of ethanol to form ethene and the subsequent hydrogenation of ethene to form ethane. In addition, a low abundance of carbon monoxide in relation to carbon dioxide is indicative that the forward water-gas shift reaction is taking place. Arrhenius activation energies for the direct reformation reaction and the pyrolytic decomposition reaction were also regressed.Includes bibliographical reference

Virtual acoustics displays

The real time acoustic display capabilities are described which were developed for the Virtual Environment Workstation (VIEW) Project at NASA-Ames. The acoustic display is capable of generating localized acoustic cues in real time over headphones. An auditory symbology, a related collection of representational auditory 'objects' or 'icons', can be designed using ACE (Auditory Cue Editor), which links both discrete and continuously varying acoustic parameters with information or events in the display. During a given display scenario, the symbology can be dynamically coordinated in real time with 3-D visual objects, speech, and gestural displays. The types of displays feasible with the system range from simple warnings and alarms to the acoustic representation of multidimensional data or events

Biohonig: Zwischen Bienenhype und Imkersorgen

Der Detailhandel ist an Schweizer Honig interessiert, doch gute Perspektiven in der Direktvermarktung sowie Schädlinge und Pestizide beschränken das Angebot

Global land use implications of biofuels: State of the art conference and workshop on modelling global land use implications in the environmental assessment of biofuels

Background, Aims and Scope On 4¿5 June 2007, an international conference was held in Copenhagen. It provided an interdisciplinary forum where economists and geographers met with LCA experts to discuss the challenges of modelling the ultimate land use changes caused by an increased demand for biofuels. Main Features The main feature of the conference was the cross-breeding of experience from the different approaches to land use modelling: The field of LCA could especially benefit from economic modelling in the identification of marginal crop production and the resulting expansion of the global agricultural area. Furthermore, the field of geography offers insights in the complexity behind new land cultivation and practical examples of where this is seen to occur on a regional scale. Results Results presented at the conference showed that the magnitude and location of land use changes caused by biofuels demand depend on where the demand arises. For instance, mandatory blending in the EU will increase land use both within and outside of Europe, especially in South America. A key learning for the LCA society was that the response to a change in demand for a given crop is not presented by a single crop supplier or a single country, but rather by responses from a variety of suppliers of several different crops in several countries. Discussion The intensification potential of current and future crop and biomass production was widely discussed. It was generally agreed that some parts of the third world hold large potentials for intensification, which are not realised due to a number of barriers resulting in so-called yield gaps. Conclusions Modelling the global land use implications of biofuels requires an interdisciplinary approach optimally integrating economic, geographical, biophysical, social and possibly other aspects in the modelling. This interdisciplinary approach is necessary but also difficult due to different perspectives and mindsets in the different disciplines. Recommendations and Perspectives The concept of a location dependent marginal land use composite should be introduced in LCA of biofuels and it should be acknowledged that the typical LCA assumption of linear substitution is not necessarily valid. Moreover, fertiliser restrictions/accessibility should be included in land use modelling and the relation between crop demand and intensification should be further explored. In addition, environmental impacts of land use intensification should be included in LCA, the powerful concept of land use curves should be further improved, and so should the modelling of diminishing returns in crop production