Experimental investigation of spray propagation under crossflow conditions with Shadowgraph and Schlieren techniques

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the description and analysis of the experimental results which were carried out to investigate sprays of liquid hydrocarbons under crossflow conditions. The experimental conditions corresponded to the injection conditions of gasoline sprays in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Two types of liquid hydrocarbons, isooctane and ethanol, were used as injected fuels. The injection pressure varied between 100 and 170 bar, the air crossflow velocity ranged from 0 till 50 ms-1 and the fuel temperature from 25 till 98 °C. Two optical methods, Shadowgraph and Schlieren, were used to visualize the spray movement over time. The boundaries of liquid and vapour spray phases as well as basic principles of spray propagation and evaporation under crossflow conditions were obtained after processing and analysing these images

The operational space for divertor power exhaust in DEMO with a super-X divertor

SOLPS-ITER simulations of the European DEMO reactor with a Super-X divertor, which has larger major radius at the outer target and increased connection length, show an increased operational space for divertor power exhaust compared to the conventional single-null configuration. Using a multi-fluid approach with fluid neutrals and charge-state bundling of impurities, we assessed the existence and boundaries of the operational space in the single-null and Super-X configurations by carrying out fuelling, seeding and power scans. Compared to the conventional single-null divertor, the Super-X divertor offers lower impurity concentration (factor ∼2 lower) at the same main plasma density, and consistent with this, it has lower main plasma density at the same impurity concentration level. This observed difference is in line with the simple analytical Lengyel model predictions resulting from the increased connection length in the super-X configuration. DEMO with a Super-X divertor demonstrates remarkable robustness against increases in input power, and in this study is able to exhaust the maximum expected steady-state separatrix-crossing power of 300 MW while maintaining acceptable impurity concentration along the separatrix This is something that was not possible in the single-null configuration in this study. This robustness of the Super-X divertor lies mostly in its capability to sufficiently dissipate power in its divertor via argon (Ar) radiation at acceptable Ar concentration, which is related to two factors: long (with respect to single-null) parallel connection length from the upstream to the outer target and higher but tolerable extrinsic impurity concentration at higher input powers. Finally, consistent with neon-seeded simulations of ITER, it is observed in all our simulations that the plasma density drops with increasing Ar concentration given fixed power input. We find that as the Ar content increases, the accompanying enhancement of Ar radiation reduces the power available for deuterium (D) to be ionized, thus limiting the D ionization particle source, and consequently reducing the plasma density

Effect of ileo-rectal anastomosis and post-valve T-caecum cannulation on growing pigs. 2. Blood variables and mineral balances

In a long-term study nine ileo-rectally anastomosed (IRA) and seven post-valve T-caecum (PVTC)-cannulated pigs were compared with six intact pigs with regard to different blood variables, sodium and potassium retention and weights of selected organs. After surgery, apart from urea and K measured 13 weeks post-surgery, there were no differences in the blood variables between the PVTC-pigs and intact pigs. In IRA-pigs concentrations of creatinine (P < 0.01), Na (P < 0.001), base excess (P < 0.001), pH (P < 0.01) and bicarbonate (P < 0.001) in blood were lower than those in intact pigs. At 13 weeks after surgery the blood K concentration in IRA-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than that in PVTC-pigs or intact pigs. At 6 weeks after surgery the blood urea concentration in IRA-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than that in intact and PVTC-pigs. At 13 weeks after surgery the urea concentration in PVTC-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than those in IRA-pigs or intact pigs. The Na (P < 0.01 11 weeks after surgery) and (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 5 and 11 weeks after surgery respectively) balances in IRA-pigs were lower than those in intact animals. Na retention was negative for IRA-animals 11 weeks after surgery. Na and K retentions were similar in PVTC-pigs and in intact pigs. The urinary: faecal excretion of Na differed slightly between PVTC-animals and intact animals. At 13 weeks after surgery there were no differences in organ weights between the PVTC-pigs and intact animals. In the IRA-pigs the weights of the liver (P > 0.05), the kidneys (P > 0.05) and the adrenal glands were higher (P < 0.001) than those in the intact animals

Sedentary aging results in structural impairment of the neuromuscular junction and may be attenuated by voluntary endurance exercise

An increasingly prominent change in the aging body is the decrease in muscle mass and strength, a condition known as sarcopenia. This is a major cause for the instability in elderly individuals leading to falls and injuries. One possible cause of sarcopenia is the reduced exercise activity of older individuals. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the connection by which nerves control muscle movement. This study mainly aims to investigates the possibility that alterations in the structures of the neuromuscular junction with ageing might contribute to impaired control and physical maintenance of aging muscle. Changes in the NMJ include the loss of nerve terminal from the postsynaptic membrane leading to denervation and fragmentation of postsynaptic clusters of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) resulting in tiny islands of receptors. Exercise in ageing animals and humans have shown to have some positive effects on sarcopenic related changes like slowing down the rate of loss in muscle mass and strength. In the neuromuscular junction of old animals and rodents that exercised the age related changes were reported to be less severe and in some cases the NMJ recovered

Metabolic changes in early lactation and impaired reproductive performance in dairy cows.

This review addresses the suggestion that the decline in dairy reproductive performance, as increasingly observed these days, may be due to a hampered process of metabolic adaptation in early lactating cows. In our opinion, adaptation to the negative energy balance is a gradual process. Because almost all cows do adapt in the long run, it is not possible to classify animals as adapted or non-adapted. The use of risk factors is more appropriate in this case and is discussed in this review. Among them are the body condition score and its derivatives, feed intake, the calculated negative energy balance, and metabolic parameters like the plasma concentration of insulin or the triacylglycerol content in the liver. Moreover, factors that play a role in the link between declined reproductive performance and the metabolic situation of the cow during the early lactating period are discussed. Among these are insulin, insulin-like growth factors, leptin, neuropeptide Y, non-esterified fatty acids, thyroid hormones, urea, and ammonia

Effectiveness and efficiency of primary care based case management for chronic diseases: rationale and design of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized trials [CRD32009100316]

Contains fulltext : 88751.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Case management is an important component of structured and evidence-based primary care for chronically ill patients. Its effectiveness and efficiency has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials. This protocol describes aims and methods of a systematic review of research on the effectiveness and efficiency of case management in primary care. METHODS/DESIGN: According to this protocol Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsychInfo, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, DARE, NHS EED, Science Citation Index, The Royal College of Nursing Database, Dissertation Abstracts, registers of clinical trials and the reference lists of retrieved articles will be searched to identify reports on randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of case management interventions in a primary care setting without limitations on language or publication date. We will further ask experts in the field to avoid missing relevant evidence. Study inclusion and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. After assessing risk of bias according to predefined standards, included studies will be described qualitatively. Subgroup analyses are planned for different chronic diseases and intervention strategies. If appropriate, a quantitative synthesis of data will be performed to provide conclusive evidence about the effectiveness and efficiency of primary care based case management in chronic care. REVIEW REGISTRATION: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (University of York): CRD32009100316