Environmental approach of companies within the pulp/paper, metallurgical and sugar/alcohol sectors

As empresas têm presenciado transformações amplas no ambiente em que estão inseridas e, com o intuito de auxiliar no planejamento estratégico das empresas, têm sido desenvolvidos modelos ambientais. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a conduta ambiental de empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel, Siderúrgico e Sucroalcooleiro, de forma a verificar as suas performances em termos ambientais. Essa análise baseou-se em uma matriz que relaciona as funções gerenciais com um conjunto de indicadores de conduta e performance ambiental, classificando a conduta ambiental das empresas como fraca, intermediária ou forte. As funções gerenciais abordadas nesse modelo são: administração (Geral, Jurídica, Financeira, Recursos Humanos e Compras); Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Produção e Manutenção; e Marketing. Dentre os indicadores analisados destacam-se: inserção internacional; origem de capital e localização. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgicas apresentaram uma pontuação média de 54,50 e 51,56 pontos, respectivamente, sendo classificadas com uma conduta ambiental forte. Por outro lado, as empresas sucroalcooleiras apresentaram uma pontuação média de 46,00 pontos, que as classificaram com uma conduta ambiental intermediária. O nível mais elevado de performance ambiental apresentado pelas empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgico pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: maior inserção internacional, presença de capital estrangeiro no controle acionário, atuação no mercado internacional e localização dessas empresas nas proximidades dos grandes centros populacionais. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e principalmente as sucroalcooleiras são menos eficientes no atendimento aos requisitos da legislação ambiental, particularmente quanto à conformidade das áreas de preservação permanente e de reserva legal.Companies have been witnessing major changes in their environment and environmental models have been developed aiming to improve their strategic planning. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental approach adopted by companies within the Pulp and Paper, Metallurgical and Sugar and Alcohol sectors, in order to evaluate their environmental performances. The analysis was based on a matrix which relates managerial functions with a set of environmental approaches and performance indicators, classifying the company environmental performance as weak, moderate or strong. The managerial functions approached in this model are: Management (General, Legal Affairs, Finance, Human Resources and Purchasing); Product and Process Development; Production and Maintenance; and Marketing. The analyzed indicators include: international insertion; capital origin and location. The pulp and paper and metallurgical companies obtained average scores of 54.5 and 51.56 points, respectively, being classified as having a strong environmental performance. On the other hand, the sugar and alcohol companies obtained average score of 46 points, being classified as moderate in environmental performance. The high level of environmental performance of pulp and paper and metallurgical companies can be attributed to the following factors: larger international insertion, presence of foreign capital in controlling shares, performance in the international market and company location near large population centers. Pulp and paper and mainly sugar and alcohol companies are less efficient in meeting the requirements of the environmental legislation, particularly those related to the conformity of permanent protected areas and legal reserves

Conduta ambiental de empresas dos setores de celulose e papel, siderúrgico e sucroalcooleiro

Companies have been witnessing major changes in their environment and environmental models have been developed aiming to improve their strategic planning. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental approach adopted by companies within the Pulp and Paper, Metallurgical and Sugar and Alcohol sectors, in order to evaluate their environmental performances. The analysis was based on a matrix which relates managerial functions with a set of environmental approaches and performance indicators, classifying the company environmental performance as weak, moderate or strong. The managerial functions approached in this model are: Management (General, Legal Affairs, Finance, Human Resources and Purchasing); Product and Process Development; Production and Maintenance; and Marketing. The analyzed indicators include: international insertion; capital origin and location. The pulp and paper and metallurgical companies obtained average scores of 54.5 and 51.56 points, respectively, being classified as having a strong environmental performance. On the other hand, the sugar and alcohol companies obtained average score of 46 points, being classified as moderate in environmental performance. The high level of environmental performance of pulp and paper and metallurgical companies can be attributed to the following factors: larger international insertion, presence of foreign capital in controlling shares, performance in the international market and company location near large population centers. Pulp and paper and mainly sugar and alcohol companies are less efficient in meeting the requirements of the environmental legislation, particularly those related to the conformity of permanent protected areas and legal reserves.As empresas têm presenciado transformações amplas no ambiente em que estão inseridas e, com o intuito de auxiliar no planejamento estratégico das empresas, têm sido desenvolvidos modelos ambientais. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a conduta ambiental de empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel, Siderúrgico e Sucroalcooleiro, de forma a verificar as suas performances em termos ambientais. Essa análise baseou-se em uma matriz que relaciona as funções gerenciais com um conjunto de indicadores de conduta e performance ambiental, classificando a conduta ambiental das empresas como fraca, intermediária ou forte. As funções gerenciais abordadas nesse modelo são: administração (Geral, Jurídica, Financeira, Recursos Humanos e Compras); Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Produção e Manutenção; e Marketing. Dentre os indicadores analisados destacam-se: inserção internacional; origem de capital e localização. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgicas apresentaram uma pontuação média de 54,50 e 51,56 pontos, respectivamente, sendo classificadas com uma conduta ambiental forte. Por outro lado, as empresas sucroalcooleiras apresentaram uma pontuação média de 46,00 pontos, que as classificaram com uma conduta ambiental intermediária. O nível mais elevado de performance ambiental apresentado pelas empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgico pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: maior inserção internacional, presença de capital estrangeiro no controle acionário, atuação no mercado internacional e localização dessas empresas nas proximidades dos grandes centros populacionais. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e principalmente as sucroalcooleiras são menos eficientes no atendimento aos requisitos da legislação ambiental, particularmente quanto à conformidade das áreas de preservação permanente e de reserva legal.1

Analysis of the ambient behavior of companies of the industries of cellulose and paper, metallurgic and scrap iron

As organizações governamentais e não-governamentais, a mídia, a sociedade civil e as instituições financeiras têm pressionado as empresas a inserirem a questão ambiental em suas atividades. Em resposta a esta questão, elas têm adotado uma série de medidas, entre elas, a implementação de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental (SGA), objetivando a obtenção da certificação ISO 14001. Entretanto, tais modelos não permitem inferir o comportamento que tais empresas têm com relação à questão ambiental, ou seja, não se pode inferir qual a conduta ambiental que estas empresas adotam. Desta forma, é necessário conhecer a conduta ambiental das organizações, de forma a transparecer às partes interessadas, o seu compromisso com as questões ambientais, transformando em um efetivo comportamento gerencial. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho, analisar a conduta ambiental de empresas das indústrias de Celulose e Papel, Siderúrgica e Sucroalcooleira.. Os objetivos específicos foram: Identificar o posicionamento das empresas em relação à sua conduta ambiental, buscando traçar o perfil de conduta ambiental das mesmas; analisar as funções gerenciais que compõem a Matriz de Conduta Ambiental e verificar a uniformidade dos indicadores de conduta ambiental e analisar os fatores determinantes da performance ambiental. Para alcançar tais objetivos, baseou-se no modelo ECP-Ambiental (Estrutura-Conduta-Performance - Ambiental), elaborado por ABREU (2001). Para a coleta de dados, adotou-se um questionário que se baseou em uma matriz que relaciona as funções gerenciais com um conjunto de indicadores de conduta ambiental. Tais indicadores foram desenvolvidos para refletir a qualidade do gerenciamento ambiental ao longo do seu sistema de negócios, que inclui administração (geral, jurídica, financeira, recursos humanos, compras e marketing), pesquisa, desenvolvimento, produção e manutenção. Com base nessa matriz, a conduta ambiental foi classificada como: fraca, de 21 a 35 pontos; intermediária, de 36 a 49 pontos ou forte, de 50 a 63 pontos. O percentual de retorno à pesquisa foi baixo para as empresas da indústria Sucroalcooleira (7,09%) e maior para a indústria de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgica, com 30,77% e 28,13%, respectivamente. Apesar destes percentuais serem considerados aceitáveis, segundo a Diretriz para seleção do tamanho mínimo da amostra, medianamente rigorosa, adaptada de LITLLE (1997), citado por JACOVINE (2000), os resultados deste estudo não podem ser extrapolados para as indústrias como um todo, referindo-se somente às empresas que responderam ao estudo. Desta forma, pode-se considerar a pesquisa como exploratória, permitindo um melhor conhecimento do problema e servindo de base para futuros trabalhos mais aprofundados sobre o assunto. Através dos resultados, verificou-se que as indústrias de Celulose e Papel e a Siderúrgica são as que apresentaram melhor performance ambiental, uma vez que, 87,50% das empresas de Celulose e Papel e 66,67% das empresas Siderúrgicas adotam uma conduta ambiental forte. Ao contrário, pôde-se observar que a indústria Sucroalcooleira apresentou uma menor performance ambiental, uma vez que 63,64% das empresas desta indústria apresentam uma conduta ambiental intermediária e apenas 36,36% adotam conduta ambiental forte. Ao se realizar a análise de forma individual para cada indústria, pôde-se observar claramente que a importância despendida a cada função se diferencia para cada indústria. Para as empresas da indústria de Celulose e Papel, os esforços são despendidos de forma equilibrada entre todas as funções gerenciais, com exceção da função gerencial “Administração Jurídica”, o que lhe garante uma boa performance ambiental. Para as empresas da indústria Siderúrgica, as funções “Recursos Humanos”, “Compras” e “Marketing” são as que recebem menores esforços por parte das mesmas. Para as empresas da indústria Sucroalcooleira, as funções “Recursos Humanos”, “Compras” e “Marketing”, juntamente com as funções “Administração Jurídica”, “Administração Financeira” e “Produção e Manutenção” são as que recebem menores esforços. Conclui-se que a maior performance ambiental das empresas das indústrias de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgicas é determinada pela maior inserção internacional, seja através das exportações e seus destinos, seja pelas exigências de seus acionistas e consumidores; pela maior presença de capital estrangeiro no controle acionário destas empresas; pela maior atuação destas empresas nos mercados internacionais; e pela localização mais próxima destas empresas dos grandes centros populacionais.The governmental and not-governmental organizations, the media, the civil society and the financial institutions have pressured the companies to insert the ambient question in its activities. In reply to this question, them they have adopted a series of measures, between them, the implementation of a System of Ambient Conduct (SAC), objectifying the attainment of certification ISO 14001. However, such models do not allow to infer the behavior that such companies have with relation to the ambient question, or either, if she cannot infer which the ambient behavior that these companies adopt. Of this form, it is necessary to know the behavior ambient of the organizations, of form to be transparent to the interested people, its commitment with the ambient questions, transforming into an effective management behavior. Therefore, it was objectified with this work, to analyze the ambient behavior of companies of the industries of Cellulose and Paper, Metallurgic and Scrap Iron. The specific objectives had been: To identify the positioning of the companies in relation to its ambient behavior, searching to trace the profile of ambient behavior of the same ones; to analyze the management functions that compose the Matrix of Ambient Behavior and to verify the uniformity of the pointers of ambient behavior and to analyze the determinative factors of the ambient perform. To reach such objectives, it was based on the ECP-Ambient model (Structure – Conduct -Perform - Ambient), elaborated for ABREU (2001). For the collection of data, a questionnaire was adopted that if based on a matrix that relates the management functions with a set of pointers of ambient behavior. Such pointers had been developed to reflect the quality of the ambient management to the long one of its system business-oriented, that includes administration (general, legal, financial, human resources, purchases and marketing), research, development, production and maintenance. With base in this matrix, ambient behavior was classified as: weak, of 21 the 35 points; intermediate, of 36 the 49 points or fort, of 50 the 63 points. The percentage of return to the research was low for the companies of the Scrap Iron industry (7,09%) and greater for the industry of Cellulose and Metallurgic Paper and, with 30,77% and 28,13%, respectively. Despite these percentages being considered acceptable, according to Line of direction for election of the minimum size of the sample, medium rigorous, adapted of LITLLE (1997), cited for JACOVINE (2000), the results of this study cannot be surpassed for the industries as a whole, mentioning itself only to the companies who had answered to the study. Of this form, the research as exploratory can be considered, allowing better knowledge of the problem and serving of base for future deepened works more on the subject. Through the results, it was verified that the industries of Cellulose and Paper and the Scrap Iron one are the ones that had presented ambient performance better, a time that, 87.50% of the companies of Cellulose and Paper and 66.67% of the Metallurgic companies adopts a strong ambient behavior. In contrast, it could be observed that the Scrap Iron industry presented a lesser ambient performance, a time that 63.64% of the companies of this industry present an intermediate ambient behavior and only 36.36% adopt strong ambient behavior. To if carrying through the analysis of individual form for each industry, it could be observed clearly that the importance expended to each function if differentiates for each industry. For the companies of the industry of Cellulose and Paper, the efforts are expended of form balanced between all the management functions, with exception of the management function "Legal Administration", what it guarantees a good ambient performance to it. For the companies of the Metallurgic industry, the functions "Human resources", "Purchases" and "Marketing" are the ones that receive minor’s efforts on the part from the same ones. For the companies of the Scrap Iron industry, the functions "Human resources", "Purchases" and "Marketing", together with the functions "Legal Administration", "Financial Administration" and "Production and Maintenance" are the ones that receive minor’s efforts. Concludes that the biggest ambient perform of the companies of the industries of Metallurgic Cellulose and Paper and is determined by the biggest international insertion, either through the exportations and its destinations, either for the requirements of its shareholders and consumers; for the biggest presence of foreign capital in the shareholding control of these companies; for the biggest performance of these companies in the international markets; e for the localization next to these companies of the great population centers.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora