A Simple Method for the Correction of Fermentation Losses Measured in Laboratory Silos

Dry matter (DM) losses caused by formation of gaseous fermentation products can be measured by different methods. The most common method (A) is measuring the difference between the DM input and output of a silo. Other methods are based on the measurement of the fermentation gases which spontaneously leave the silo, either directly by collecting them (B) in a special absorbent like KOH or, much more easily, by weighing the filled silo at the beginning and the end of the fermentation process (C). The figures obtained by B and C are substantially smaller than those by A. This difference represents a certain amount of CO2 which is retained within the silage. The objective of this paper is to deduce a procedure for estimating the amount of this retained CO2 so that the results obtained by method C (or B) can be corrected

Zur neubabylonischen Chronologie

no abstrac

Improved radiative corrections for (e, e'p) experiments: Beyond the peaking approximation and implications of the soft-photon approximation

Abstract.: Analyzing (e, e'p) experimental data involves corrections for radiative effects which change the interaction kinematics and which have to be carefully considered in order to obtain the desired accuracy. Missing momentum and energy due to bremsstrahlung have so far often been incorporated into the simulations and the experimental analyses using the peaking approximation. It assumes that all bremsstrahlung is emitted in the direction of the radiating particle. In this article we introduce a full angular Monte Carlo simulation method which overcomes this approximation. As a test, the angular distribution of the bremsstrahlung photons is reconstructed from H(e, e'p) data. Its width is found to be underestimated by the peaking approximation and described much better by the approach developed in this work. The impact of the soft-photon approximation on the photon angular distribution is found to be minor as compared to the impact of the peaking approximatio

Improved radiative corrections for (e,e'p) experiments: Beyond the peaking approximation and implications of the soft-photon approximation

Analysing (e,e'p) experimental data involves corrections for radiative effects which change the interaction kinematics and which have to be carefully considered in order to obtain the desired accuracy. Missing momentum and energy due to bremsstrahlung have so far always been calculated using the peaking approximation which assumes that all bremsstrahlung is emitted in the direction of the radiating particle. In this article we introduce a full angular Monte Carlo simulation method which overcomes this approximation. The angular distribution of the bremsstrahlung photons is reconstructed from H(e,e'p) data. Its width is found to be underestimated by the peaking approximation and described much better by the approach developed in this work.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figure

Operator Method for Nonperturbative Calculation of the Thermodynamic Values in Quantum Statistics. Diatomic Molecular Gas

Operator method and cumulant expansion are used for nonperturbative calculation of the partition function and the free energy in quantum statistics. It is shown for Boltzmann diatomic molecular gas with some model intermolecular potentials that the zeroth order approximation of the proposed method interpolates the thermodynamic values with rather good accuracy in the entire range of both the Hamiltonian parameters and temperature. The systematic procedure for calculation of the corrections to the zeroth order approximation is also considered.Comment: 22 pages, 7 Postscript figures, accepted for publication in Journal of Physics

BK polyomavirus microRNA levels in exosomes are modulated by non-coding control region activity and down-regulate viral replication when delivered to non-infected cells prior to infection

In immunosuppressed patients, BKPyV-variants emerge carrying rearranged non-coding control-regions (rr-NCCRs) that increase early viral gene region (EVGR) expression and replication capacity. BKPyV also encodes microRNAs, which have been reported to downregulate EVGR-encoded large T-antigen transcripts, to decrease viral replication in infected cells and to be secreted in exosomes. To investigate the interplay of NCCR and microRNAs, we compared archetype- and rr-NCCR-BKPyV infection in cell culture. We found that laboratory and clinical rr-NCCR-BKPyV-strains show higher replication rates but significantly lower microRNA levels than archetype virus intracellularly and in exosomes. To investigate whether rr-NCCR or increased EVGR activity modulated microRNA levels, we examined the (sp1-4)NCCR-BKPyV, which has an archetype NCCR-architecture but shows increased EVGR expression due to point mutations inactivating one Sp1 binding site. We found that microRNA levels following (sp1-4)NCCR-BKPyV infection were as low as in rr-NCCR-variants. Thus, NCCR rearrangements are not required for lower miRNA levels. Accordingly, Sp1 siRNA knock-down decreased microRNA levels in archetype BKPyV infection but had no effect on (sp1-4)- or rr-NCCR-BKPyV. However, rr-NCCR-BKPyV replication was downregulated by exosome preparations carrying BKPyV-microRNA prior to infection. To explore the potential relevance in humans, urine samples from 12 natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients were analysed. In 7 patients, rr-NCCR-BKPyV were detected showing high urine BKPyV loads but low microRNAs levels, whereas the opposite was seen in 5 patients with archetype BKPyV. We discuss the results in a dynamic model of BKPyV replication according to NCCR activity and exosome regulation, which integrates immune selection pressure, spread to new host cells and rr-NCCR emergence

Relationship of Genotype, Phenotype, and Treatment in Dopa-Responsive Dystonia: MDSGene Review

Background Pathogenic variants in 5 genes (GCH1, TH, PTS, SPR, and QDPR), involved in dopamine/tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis or recycling, have been linked to Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). Diagnosis and treatment are often delayed due to high between- and within-group variability. Objectives Comprehensively analyzed individual genotype, phenotype, treatment response, and biochemistry information. Methods 734 DRD patients and 151 asymptomatic GCH1 mutation carriers were included using an MDSGene systematic literature review and an automated classification approach to distinguish between different forms of monogenic DRDs. Results Whereas dystonia, L-Dopa responsiveness, early age at onset, and diurnal fluctuations were identified as red flags, parkinsonism without dystonia was rarely reported (11%) and combined with dystonia in only 18% of patients. While sex was equally distributed in autosomal recessive DRD, there was female predominance in autosomal dominant DYT/PARK-GCH1 patients accompanied by a lower median age at onset and more dystonia in females compared to males. Accordingly, the majority of asymptomatic heterozygous GCH1 mutation carriers (>8 years of age) were males. Multiple other subgroup-specific characteristics were identified, showing high accuracy in the automated classification approach: Seizures and microcephaly were mostly seen in DYT/PARK-PTS, autonomic symptoms appeared commonly in DYT/PARK-TH and DYT/PARK-PTS, and sleep disorders and oculogyric crises in DYT/PARK-SPR. Biochemically, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in CSF were reduced in most DRDs, but neopterin and biopterin were increased only in DYT/PARK-PTS and DYT/PARK-SPR. Hyperphenylalaninemia was seen in DYT/PARK-PTS, DYT/PARK-QDPR, and rarely reported in autosomal recessive DYT/PARK-GCH1. Conclusions Our indicators will help to specify diagnosis and accelerate start of treatment. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Societ