Cancellation of Infrared Divergences in Thermal QED

As a preliminary step, the radiation produced by a classical charged current coupled to a quantized $A_{\mu}$ is solved. To each order in $\alpha$, all infrared divergences cancel between the virtual $\gamma$'s and the real $\gamma$'s absorbed from the plasma or emitted into the plasma. When all orders of perturbation theory are summed, the finite answer predicts a suppression of radiation with $\omega< \alpha T$. The analysis of QED then consists of two steps. First, a general probability at $T\neq 0$ is organized so that all the virtual $e^{\pm},\gamma$ are in the amplitudes and all the real $e^{\pm},\gamma$ are in the phase space integrations. Next, the cancellations of IR divergences between virtual and real are demonstrated.Comment: 6 pages, (Talk presented at Quark Matter '93

PENERAPAN MODEL KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENTS TEAMS ACHIEVMENT DIVISIONS DAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas dan pemahaman siswa melalui model STAD dan PBL dalam pembelajaran IPS. Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi dengan keadaan siswa tidak menggunakan model pembelajaran yang bervariasi, sehingga suasana belajar menjadi tidak aktif dan pemahaman yang relatif kurang. Perlu adanya alternatif model pembelajaran salah satunya penerapan model kooperatif tipe STAD dan PBL. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Kuasi Eksperimen dengan menggunakan sistem kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol, pre test, tindakan, dan pos test. Teknik evaluasi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teknik tes dan non tes. Teknik tes untuk mengetahui pemahaman siswa, dan teknik non tes untuk mengetahui aktivitas siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran STAD dapat lebih meningkatkan pemahaman siswa dalam aktivitas belajar daripada penggunaan model PBL. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari nilai rata-rata peningkatan kemampuan siswa dalam mengerjakan pretes dari tahap I sampai tahap IV. Kesimpulan yang diperolah dari penelitian ini adalah, bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran STAD sangat menunjang terhadap peningkatan aktivitas dan pemahaman siswa di sekolah dasar.  Dengan demikian, penggunaan model STAD dapat dijadikan salah satu model pembelajaran untuk diterapkan pada pembelajaran IPS. Kata kunci: Pemahaman, STAD, PBLÂ

Flom : betydning for struktur, biomasse og karbonlager i et skogslandskap i Amazonas

Amazonia accounts for approximately half of the world’s tropical forests and one quarter of all terrestrial species. The forests retain and circulate large amounts of water and store carbon. Amazonia is thus extremely important both for biodiversity and the global climate. Yet, we know relatively little about the distribution and amount of above-ground biomass stored in these forests. Unflooded Amazonian terra firme forests grow above the maximum flood level of rivers, streams, and lakes. On their floodplains grow seasonally inundated forests. Every year the floodplain forests experience an enormous flood. Here, woody plants at all stages of their life must endure prolonged inundation. In response to the seasonal flooding, they have developed special tissues and strategies, possibly affecting forest above-ground biomass, and carbon stocks. Exploring these aspects, I describe structure and composition of an Amazonian forestscape in the central Juruá River Basin, Brazil. Comparing flooded and unflooded forests I found that forest structure differed. Most woody plant species were forest-specific, but some were shared. Flooding affected the below-ground biota. Bacterial community composition varied with woody plant diversity and flooding, but eukaryotes appeared unaffected. Flooding influenced the wood density of the shared tree species. Trees that grew in the seasonally flooded forest had softer wood than terra firme conspecifics. Considering the differences in forest structure, species composition and intraspecific wood density, I investigated how conventional biomass estimation methods performed across the two forests. Regional height allometry and global wood density measurements were relatively well calibrated to terra firme forest. They performed much worse in the floodplain forest. Calibrating the allometric equations with local height data significantly improved biomass estimates in floodplain forest. Combined with forest-specific genus mean wood density, local allometric height produced reliable terra firme and floodplain above-ground woody biomass estimates. In conclusion, the natural, seasonal floods influence species composition, forest structure and above-ground biomass estimates in the Amazonian forestscape. The results in this dissertation thus implies that flooding must be accounted for when mapping Amazonian carbon stocks.Amazonas er verdens største gjenværende regnskogområde og svært viktig både for artsmangfoldet og jordens klima. Skogen sirkulerer store mengder vann og lagrer karbon. Tross dette vet vi forholdsvis lite om hvor mye og hvordan biomasse og karbon er disponert i Amazonas’ skoger. Skog som ikke oversvømmes kalles i Amazonas for terra firme. Disse ligger bortenfor den maksimale flomhøyden på elver og innsjøer. På elvebreddene vokser flomsletteskog som oversvømmes årlig. Her må planter i alle livsstadier tåle lange oversvømmelsesperioder. Derfor har de utviklet spesielle organer og strategier. Potensielt påvirker disse skogens biomasse og karbonlager. Gjennom å beskrive strukturen og artssammensetningen i et skoglandskap i de sentrale delene av Juruávassdraget i Amazonas, Brasil, utforsker jeg disse aspektene. Flomsletteskogen og terra firme-skogen hadde forskjellig skogstruktur. De fleste trevekstene var habitatspesifikke, men skogene hadde også noen felles arter. Flommen påvirket biota i jordsmonnet. Bakteriesamfunnet endret seg med artsrikdom i plantesamfunnet og flomnivå, men eukaryoter var tilsynelatende upåvirket. Flommen påvirket vedtettheten i de felles tresortene. Trær som vokste i flomslettskogen, hadde mykere trevirke enn de som vokste i terra firme. Forskjellene i skogstruktur, artssammensetning og intraspesifikk vedtetthet ble brukt for å undersøke hvordan konvensjonelle metoder for estimering av biomasse presterte i de to skogtypene. Regional høydeallometri og globale målinger av vedtetthet var relativt godt kalibrert til terra firme-skog. De presterte mye dårligere i flomsletteskogen. Kalibrering av de allometriske ligningene med lokale høydedata forbedret biomassestimatene betydelig i flomsletteskogen. Kombinert med skogsspesifikke mål for vedtetthet på slektsnivå, resulterte den lokale høydeallometrien pålitelige biomassestimater både i flomslettskogen og terra firme-skogen. Jeg konkluderer med at naturlige, årlige flommer i Amazonas påvirker artssammensetning, skogstruktur og biomassestimater. Resultatene i denne avhandlingen viser at flommens innflytelse må tas i betraktning når man kartlegger karbonlager i Amazonas

Aktivitas Sitotoksik Fraksi Polar Ekstrak Etanol Biji Srikaya (Annona Squamosa L.) Terhadap Sel T47D

Kanker merupakan salah satu penyakit penyebab kematian terbesar. Biji Srikaya (Annona squamosa L.) diketahui mempunyai aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel T47D. Kandungan senyawa pada fraksi polar ekstrak etanol biji Srikaya (Annona squamosa L.) mempunyai efek menghambat proliferasi sel tumor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas sitotoksik fraksi polar ekstrak etanol biji Srikaya (Annona squamosa L.) terhadap sel T47D dengan parameter nilai IC50. Biji Srikaya diekstraksi dengan etanol 96% secara maserasi. Fraksi polar ekstrak etanol biji srikaya diperoleh dengan cara fraksinasi menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV). Uji sitotoksik pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode MTT. Seri konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, dan 150 μg/mL. Kromatografi Lapis Tipis menggunakan fase diam silika gel GF254 dan fase gerak kloroform:metanol (8:2) untuk identifikasi golongan senyawa dalam ekstrak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi polar ekstrak etanol biji srikaya mempunyai aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel T47D dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 23,34 μg/mL. Golongan senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam ekstrak tersebut adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, dan polifenol yang dideteksi dengan reagen semprot yaitu Dragendroff, sitroborat, serta FeCl3

A stakeholder analysis about jaguar (Panthera onca) conservation in central Brazil

This study was undertaken as part of a larger research project on jaguar conservation and environmental justice financed by the Norwegian Research Council and led by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA, Norway) Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC, Spain), the Jaguar Conservation Fund (JCF, Brazil), and in collaboration with the Norwegian University for Life Sciences (UMB, Norway). This paper constitutes the final work for my (Yennie Bredin) master degree in Tropical Ecology and Management of Natural Resources at UMB.A stakeholder analysis was conducted to study attitudes towards jaguar (Panthera onca) conservation in Brazil and identify areas of conflict and agreement between different stakeholder institutions. In my study I defined stakeholders as any institution that directly or indirectly influenced jaguars, were influenced by jaguars, or both. I limited the spatial scope of the study to the states of Goias and Mato Grosso, in central Brazil, and used Q methodology to explore which institutional actors grouped together and on what issues. The Q analysis was complimented by an “interest-influence” analysis to further explore how the different institutional actors perceived their own interest in, and impact on, jaguar conservation, as well as that of the other institutional actors under scrutiny. From the Q analysis I identified three different narratives which could be described as A; anti-hunting and pro-conservation, B; ecocentric and C; tolerant-towards-jaguars. The three prevailing groups of stakeholders whose opinions constituted these narratives were characterised by institutions linked to government and social movements for the “anti-hunting, pro-conservation” narrative (A), research for the “ecocentric” narrative (B) and cattle farming for the “tolerant-towards-jaguars” narrative (C). Although the jaguar’s right to exist in Brazil was fundamental to all three narratives and the over all level of agreement among the narratives was remarkable, there were also significant differences that could be important for successful jaguar conservation. Hunting in general and jaguar hunting in particular were very controversial issues among the narratives. Also the jaguar’s ecological role, where jaguars should be allowed to survive and the impacts of hydropower were topics that caused disagreement among the narratives. My findings suggest that jaguar conservation potentially could be symbolic of other social or political divisions in central Brazil. Results from the interest-influence analysis, although mixed, further suggested that the power relationships between stakeholder institutions were unclear. There was a clear mismatch in perceptions between institutional actors, suggesting that the understandings between actors of their different roles, with respect to jaguars, were poor. These results are worrying, yet not necessarily surprising considering the very broad spectrum of institutions that were involved in the stakeholder analysis. However, the possible implications this holds for jaguars and their conservation could be serious. If the more important stakeholder institutions do not appreciate their roles in jaguar preservation, or do not understand who the other important players are, they may not adequately assume their responsibilities, cooperate with the appropriate partners or take adequate actions with respect to jaguars

PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIKA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION DENGAN TEAMS GAME TOURNAMENT PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA

One of the goals of learning mathematics is to develop abilities understanding of mathematical concepts. One component of learning that can be affect the learning process of understanding mathematical concepts students are a learning model. Learning model is a way which is designed for the implementation of learning. Meanwhile, this research discuss the differences in the ability to understand mathematical concepts through the application of the learning models for student teams achievement division with teams game tournaments on math. Aim This research is to find out the ability to understand mathematical concepts among students who get the Student type cooperative learning model Teams Achievement Division and Teams Game Tournament . Research methods The method used in this research is the quantitative method of experimentation, as for The experiments used are Quasi Experiments with shapes Nonequivalent control group design . The population in this study is all Grade V students of SDN 4 Tanjungkamuning totaling 36 students. Inside sample This research is VA and VB grade students at SDN 4 Tanjungkamuning yang totaling 36 students. The sampling technique used is a technique saturated sampling. The instruments used in this study are description tests, and observation sheets. The results showed there were differences in the ability of understanding mathematical concepts between students who are get the cooperative learning model type Student Teams AchievementDivisionwithstudentswhogettheTeamsGameTournamentmodel.Based on the results of data analysis on the pretest and posttest value of experimental class I with an average pretest of 5.28 and an average posttest of 10. Meanwhile, in class Experiment II showed a pretest value of 3.89 and an average posttest of 7.61. Based on the two data shows that the experimental class I is average the value is higher than the average of the experimental class II . This research shows that the results of the analysis of experimental class I data using the Student model Teams Achievement Division averages higher than class experiment II using the Teams Game Tournament model. Keywords : Student Teams Achievement Learning Model , Model Learning Division Teams Game Tournament , comprehension ability mathematical concepts.PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIKA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION DENGAN TEAMS GAME TOURNAMENT PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIK

ANALISIS PERAN GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MEMBACA PUISI SISWA DENGAN METODE DEMONSTRASI KELAS V SDN 2 BALEWANGI

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahuidan mengidentifikasi kesulitan pembelajaran membaca puisi, peranan guru dan kendala guru dalampembelajaran membaca puisi dengan metode demonstrasi pada siswa kelas V SDN 2 Balewangi.Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknikpengumpulandataberupaobservasi,wawancara,dandokumentasi.Pemeriksaan keabsahandatamenggunakan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Peran guru dalam pembelajaranmembaca puisi sudah terlihat sangat baik dibuktikan dengan kesungguhan guru. Guru bukan hanyamengajar secara klasikal, akan tetapi guru sudah memainkan perannya sebagai fasilitator denganmemfasilitasi siswa baik didalam kelas maupun diluar kelas. (2) Kendala guru dalam pembelajaranmembacapuisidisebabkanolehfaktorsiswadanfaktorguru.Kata Kunci: Analisis, Peran Guru, Membaca Puisi, Metode Demonstras

MODIS STANDARD (OC3) CHLOROPHYLL-A ALGORITHM EVALUATION IN INDONESIAN SEAS

The MODIS-estimated chlorophyll-a information was widely used in some operational application in Indonesia. However, there is no information about the performance of MODIS chlorophyll-a in Indonesian seas and there is no data used in development of algorithm was taken in Indonesian seas. Even the algorithm was validated in other area, it is important to know the performance of the algorithm work in Indonesian seas. Performance of MODIS Standard (OC3) algorithm at Indonesian seas was analyzed in this paper. The in-situ chlorophyll-a concentration data was collected during MOMSEI (Monsoon Offset Monitoring and Its Social and Ecosystem Impact) 2012 Cruise 25th April – 12th   May 2012 and also from archived data of the Research and Development Center for Marine Coastal Resources, Agency of Marine and Fisheries Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of  Marine Affairs and Fisheries. The in-situ data used in this research is located in Indian Ocean the west of Sumatera part and Pacific Ocean the north of Papua Province part. Satellite data which is used is Ocean Color MODIS Level-2 Product that downloaded from NASA and MODIS L-0 from LAPAN Ground Station. MODIS Level 0 from LAPAN then processed to Level-2  using latest SeaDAS Software. The match-up resulted the MNB(%) is -4.8% that means satellite-estimated was underestimate in 4.8 % and RMSE is 0.058. When the data was separated following to the data source, the correlation and trend line equation became better. From MOMSEI Cruise data, the MNB(%) was -18.8% and RMSE 0.05. From Pacific Ocean Data, MNB (%) was -27 % and RMSE 0.049. From SONNE Cruise 2005, MNB (%) was -27 % and RMSE 0.049. MODIS standard algorithm is work well in Indonesia case-1 seawaters, which contain chlorophyll-a only, and derived that influence to the electromagnetic wave

Near threshold radiative 3π\pi production in e+e−e^+e^- annihilation

We consider the $\pi^+\pi^-\pi_0\gamma$ final state in electron-positron annihilation at cms energies not far from the threshold. Both initial and final state radiations of the hard photon is considered but without interference between them. The amplitude for the final state radiation is obtained by using the effective Wess-Zumino-Witten Lagrangian for pion-photon interactions valid for low energies. In real experiments energies are never such small that $\rho$ and $\omega$ mesons would have negligible effect. So a phenomenological Breit-Wigner factor is introduced in the final state radiation amplitude to account for the vector mesons influence. Using radiative 3$\pi$ production amplitudes, a Monte Carlo event generator was developed which could be useful in experimental studies.Comment: 15 pages, Latex, 6 figures. Misprints corrected. Version to be published in JHE

A STUDY OF SUCCESS RATE OF BUTTERFLY TECHNIQUE

The use of Tympanoplasty as a remedy for minor perforations is a common trend these days. The technique is in use even from ancient time utilizing those day tools. Common criticism on this technique is that it bring disadvantages such as hospital stay, increased morbidity, and post-operative scar. Therefore, there was requirement to bring a more comprehensive technique. In this study, our objective is to assess the clinical and audiometric success rate of new tragal cartilage plug or butterfly technique tympanoplasty. The study is based on 30 patients who were in age category of 16 to 55 years of age. The results shows that out of 30 patients, 27 patients were based on graft taken up; while, the rest of the 3 patients showed residual perforation with an overall success rate of 90%. The anatomical success was assessed by otoscopy with graft well set in place. The functional success was analyzed by audiogram, which showed decrease in Air-Bone (A-B) gap in 25 patients (83.3%). Our conclusion is that the tympanoplasty method may be considered as an alternative treatment option for repair of tympanic membrane perforations