9. Phénoménologie ou antiphénoménologie ?

Dans la philosophie occidentale, que ce soit pour l’édification de la métaphysique ou pour le développement de l’éthique, la réflexion sur la notion de sujet a toujours représenté une étape fondatrice. Or, la compréhension du sujet engage directement l’attitude adoptée à l’égard de l’Autre. Pour le dire à grands traits, les philosophes considèrent le sujet soit comme un agent actif et constituant, à qui l’autre se trouve subordonné : c’est le cas de Descartes à Husserl, en passant par Hegel ;..

10. « La mort de l’homme »

En tant qu’historien des idées, Foucault adopte naturellement une division historique du temps (Antiquité, Moyen Âge, Renaissance, période classique, Modernité) pour aborder ses objets de recherche (la folie, la médecine clinique, la connaissance scientifique, la prison, la sexualité) en traitant les problèmes fondamentaux aux niveaux théorique et pratique. Mais Foucault ne fait pas de la « postmodernité » une période de l’histoire des idées occidentales. Nietzsche est le premier à avoir util..

Four-Microphone Measurement of Transmission Loss of Automotive Door Seals: Improved Correction Factor

Recently, a desktop procedure for measuring the transmission loss of automotive door seals was proposed. In that procedure, a door seal is placed in a square-section, four-microphone standing wave tube, and is held between a movable clamp and the opposite tube wall. Since the clamp partially blocks the tube cross-section, it is necessary to correct the measured transmission loss to obtain the transmission loss of the seal alone. Initially, the correction factor was determined by measuring transmission losses of samples having known properties, and that were clamped in the tube in the same way as the seals. It would be desirable if those samples had transmission losses comparable to the seals, but the original materials had transmission losses much lower than the seals. Since it was not possible to find materials having the desired, high transmission loss, the correction factor has now been determined by using a finite element model of the measurement arrangement, in which the “sample” was represented as a porous material whose properties were adjusted to yield transmission losses similar to the door seals. The procedure by which the new correction factor was determined will be described in detail and a general expression for the correction factor will be given

Discovery From Non-Parties (Third-Party Discovery) in International Arbitration

International arbitration rules and many arbitration laws usually provide procedures that permit tribunals to order parties to disclose documents and other materials to the other parties.1 More complex are the rules that determine opportunities to obtain discovery from persons that are not party to the arbitration (third-party discovery). This article will review third-party discovery under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and the provisions of the US Code s.1782 that authorise US courts to act in aid of actions before foreign tribunals. Section 1782 has unique interest at this time because it figured prominently in the EU antitrust investigation of Intel that was initiated on request from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Early in that investigation, AMD filed a s.1782 request in the US District Court to obtain evidence from US sources for submission to the DG-Competition of the European Commission (EC). This request ultimately led to the Supreme Court’s decision in Intel Corp v Advanced Micro Devices Inc2 which appeared to significantly expand the scope of s.1782. Ironically, after AMD won on key legal issues in the Supreme Court, the District Court on remand exercised its discretion and denied the request for judicial assistance. This paper first describes the FAA non-party discovery rules and the split among the federal appellate courts concerning the authority of arbitrators to order prehearing discovery from non-parties. Next, it provides an analysis of the meaning of the terms “interested party” and “tribunal”—terms that were controversially interpreted by the Supreme Court in Intel and are essential to the application of s.1782. Finally, it discusses the “discretionary” factors used by the federal courts in deciding whether to grant a s.1782 request even when the statutory criteria are met. The opportunity to exercise this discretion seems to rebut the argument that the Supreme Court’s interpretation of s.1782 gives participants before foreign tribunals more discovery rights in the United States than are available to the parties in arbitrations covered by the FAA

Direct Femtosecond Laser Inscription of High-Order Bragg Gratings in Fluoroaluminate Glass Fiber

This letter reports the fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) within in-house fabricated fluoroaluminate (AlF3) glass fibers using femtosecond (fs) laser inscription at 800 nm. The grating strength of the FBGs was investigated for different pulse energies and different orders, and a 3rd-order FBG with Bragg wavelength at 1557 nm was found to have the highest reflectivity of 99.5%. In addition, the reflectivity of the mid-IR grating peaks for different orders was also studied, and a 2nd-order FBG with a reflectivity of 98.8% was obtained at 2864 nm. Finally, the temperature characteristics of a mid-IR FBG were studied between 30 °C and 150 °C, showing a linear wavelength dependence and an excellent stability for the refractive index modulation. Such highly reflectivity FBGs in AlF3 fiber have significant potential for applications in the development of compact all-fiber mid-IR fiber lasers

Conférences chinoises de la rue d’Ulm

La référence à la Chine devient de plus en plus fondamentale dans le paysage mondial des sciences humaines et sociales. La construction de ponts reliant les cher­cheurs français à une société et un espace intellectuels trop longtemps réservés à une poignée de sinologues est devenue une exi­gence du moment à laquelle l’université Fudan et le labex TransferS ont souhaité répondre en organisant une série de confé­rences, la première rue d’Ulm, qui présente des regards de chercheurs chinois sur l’histoire, la philosophie, les études religieuses, la littérature, etc. Les professeurs Dai Yan, Ge Zhaoguang, Huang Bei, Huang Yang, Jin Guangyao, Li Hongtu, Li Tiangang, Mo Weimin, Sun Xiangchen, Benoît Vermander, Yu Xin ont accepté de délivrer aux auditeurs de l’Ecole normale supérieure (qui accueille maintenant chercheurs et étudiants chinois) un enseignement conçu non comme une in­troduction à la culture chinoise, mais plutôt comme l’ouverture à un indispensable débat sur des questions communes, un dialogue dont ces conférences se sont voulues le point de départ

A Genome Wide Association Study Identifies Common Variants Associated with Lipid Levels in the Chinese Population

Plasma lipid levels are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease and are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several lipid-associated loci, but these loci have been identified primarily in European populations. In order to identify genetic markers for lipid levels in a Chinese population and analyze the heterogeneity between Europeans and Asians, especially Chinese, we performed a meta-analysis of two genome wide association studies on four common lipid traits including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in a Han Chinese population totaling 3,451 healthy subjects. Replication was performed in an additional 8,830 subjects of Han Chinese ethnicity. We replicated eight loci associated with lipid levels previously reported in a European population. The loci genome wide significantly associated with TC were near DOCK7, HMGCR and ABO; those genome wide significantly associated with TG were near APOA1/C3/A4/A5 and LPL; those genome wide significantly associated with LDL were near HMGCR, ABO and TOMM40; and those genome wide significantly associated with HDL were near LPL, LIPC and CETP. In addition, an additive genotype score of eight SNPs representing the eight loci that were found to be associated with lipid levels was associated with higher TC, TG and LDL levels (P = 5.52×10-16, 1.38×10-6 and 5.59×10-9, respectively). These findings suggest the cumulative effects of multiple genetic loci on plasma lipid levels. Comparisons with previous GWAS of lipids highlight heterogeneity in allele frequency and in effect size for some loci between Chinese and European populations. The results from our GWAS provided comprehensive and convincing evidence of the genetic determinants of plasma lipid levels in a Chinese population

Human Endometrial CD98 Is Essential for Blastocyst Adhesion

BACKGROUND: Understanding the molecular basis of embryonic implantation is of great clinical and biological relevance. Little is currently known about the adhesion receptors that determine endometrial receptivity for embryonic implantation in humans. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using two human endometrial cell lines characterized by low and high receptivity, we identified the membrane receptor CD98 as a novel molecule selectively and significantly associated with the receptive phenotype. In human endometrial samples, CD98 was the only molecule studied whose expression was restricted to the implantation window in human endometrial tissue. CD98 expression was restricted to the apical surface and included in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains of primary endometrial epithelial cells, as demonstrated by the biochemical association between CD98 and tetraspanin CD9. CD98 expression was induced in vitro by treatment of primary endometrial epithelial cells with human chorionic gonadotropin, 17-β-estradiol, LIF or EGF. Endometrial overexpression of CD98 or tetraspanin CD9 greatly enhanced mouse blastocyst adhesion, while their siRNA-mediated depletion reduced the blastocyst adhesion rate. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that CD98, a component of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, appears to be an important determinant of human endometrial receptivity during the implantation window