Informal interpreting in general practice: Interpreters’ roles related to trust and control

In order to complement previous qualitative research and to provide explanations for contradictory findings, we have conducted a survey-study among Turkish-Dutch migrant patients (n=91), their family interpreters (n=91) and GP s (n=26) directly before and after a GP consultation. First, we compared the expectations of the three parties to seven roles of the family interpreter using Habermas’ Lifeworld versus System theory: ‘conduit,’ ‘institutional gatekeeper’ (System roles); and ‘advocate,’ ‘emotional support’, ‘information source,’ ‘cultural informant’ and ‘counselor’ (Lifeworld roles) (Mishler 1984). Second, patients’ expectations of the family interpreters’ role were linked to their perceived control of the consultation and trust in family interpreters. Results show a discrepancy between, on the one hand, the roles expected by GP s, who mainly expected the system role of ‘conduit,’ and, on the other hand, family interpreters and patients, who mainly expected lifeworld agent roles from the family interpreter. Moreover, patients’ expectations of the lifeworld agent roles (especially the ‘emotional support’ role) were positively related to patients’ increased perceived control and trust in the family interpreters. Thus, our study indicates that patients do not expect a neutral conduit role from family interpreters, but rather appreciate interpreters who provide emotional support, extra information to the GP, cultural brokering and advocacy

Informal interpreting in general practice: Interpreters’ roles related to trust and control

In order to complement previous qualitative research and to provide explanations for contradictory findings, we have conducted a survey-study among Turkish-Dutch migrant patients (n=91), their family interpreters (n=91) and GP s (n=26) directly before and after a GP consultation. First, we compared the expectations of the three parties to seven roles of the family interpreter using Habermas’ Lifeworld versus System theory: ‘conduit,’ ‘institutional gatekeeper’ (System roles); and ‘advocate,’ ‘emotional support’, ‘information source,’ ‘cultural informant’ and ‘counselor’ (Lifeworld roles) (Mishler 1984). Second, patients’ expectations of the family interpreters’ role were linked to their perceived control of the consultation and trust in family interpreters. Results show a discrepancy between, on the one hand, the roles expected by GP s, who mainly expected the system role of ‘conduit,’ and, on the other hand, family interpreters and patients, who mainly expected lifeworld agent roles from the family interpreter. Moreover, patients’ expectations of the lifeworld agent roles (especially the ‘emotional support’ role) were positively related to patients’ increased perceived control and trust in the family interpreters. Thus, our study indicates that patients do not expect a neutral conduit role from family interpreters, but rather appreciate interpreters who provide emotional support, extra information to the GP, cultural brokering and advocacy

Role of Adaptor Complex AP-3 in Targeting Wild-Type and Mutated CD63 to Lysosomes

CD63 is a lysosomal membrane protein that belongs to the tetraspanin family. Its carboxyterminal cytoplasmic tail sequence contains the lysosomal targeting motif GYEVM. Strong, tyrosine-dependent interaction of the wild-type carboxyterminal tail of CD63 with the AP-3 adaptor subunit μ3 was observed using a yeast two-hybrid system. The strength of interaction of mutated tail sequences with μ3 correlated with the degree of lysosomal localization of similarly mutated human CD63 molecules in stably transfected normal rat kidney cells. Mutated CD63 containing the cytosolic tail sequence GYEVI, which interacted strongly with μ3 but not at all with μ2 in the yeast two-hybrid system, localized to lysosomes in transfected normal rat kidney and NIH-3T3 cells. In contrast, it localized to the cell surface in transfected cells of pearl and mocha mice, which have genetic defects in genes encoding subunits of AP-3, but to lysosomes in functionally rescued mocha cells expressing the δ subunit of AP-3. Thus, AP-3 is absolutely required for the delivery of this mutated CD63 to lysosomes. Using this AP-3–dependent mutant of CD63, we have shown that AP-3 functions in membrane traffic from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes via an intracellular route that appears to bypass early endosomes