Rural development in the Third World : a practitioner's definition

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Observations extending over three years on the amount of carbonic acid in the ground air in relation to the earth temperature at the depth of three feet with charts

The connection between certain conditions of soil and the incidence of some infectious diseases has long been recognised by Physicians but the way in which these conditions operate has been variously explained.This paper shows a correspondence between the maximum of carbonic acid and the maximum reading of the earth thermometer at three feet. Late summer, when the temperature of the soil at three feet rose to the maximum,showed also the greatest amount of carbonic acid. Throughout the entire year much rain always produced a marked temporary increase in the amount of carbonic acid. These facts probably find their explanation in the increased bacterial life called into renewed activity by the heat and moisture.Moisture, as after much rain, may also act by mechanically sealing up the pores of the soil and thus preventing the normal escape of carbonic acid into the general atmosphere. The highest reading of the earth thermometer was towards the end of August when it ranged in the neighbourhood of 56° Fahr.Edinburgh is not what is known as a "Diarrhoea Town" that is, one in which that disease plays havoc with the infantile population in late summer and early autumn, but still, it is observed that most cases of infantile diarrhoea do occur at the time corresponding with the maximum reading of the earth thermometer at three feet, as is shown by reference to the Report of the Medical Officer of Health, Edinburgh 1898.The diurnal variation in the amount of carbonic acid showed an evening excess over the morning as the year approached near to the summer solstice and beyond it to the maximum reading of the year which occurred in the last days of August. After this period a morning excess over the evening was observed as the year approached near to the winter solstice and beyond it to the minimum reading of the year which took place in the end of March. During March, April and May, and again in September, October and November, the morning and evening variations were but little marked and temporary conditions of weather probably produced them. The year may be divided as regards the morning and evening variations in carbonic acid into four periods, September to December, December to March, March to June and June to September. In the first and third of these periods the morning reading is in excess,and in the second and fourth the evening reading.Any markedly high reading was always observed to follow a high rainfall. Excessively low readings on the other hand were observed after prolonged dry weather. A temporary increase after rain was constantly observed.The remarkable rise in the amount of carbonic acid in February and March of 1895 during the period of prolonged frost, and when snow lay on the ground for about a month, is not easy of explanation. The idea suggested itself that perhaps this was due to an increase of temperature in the soil caused by the covering of snow preventing radiation of heat from the upper layers of the soil. From observations made in February 1900 I found that such a covering of snow had no effect on the ground temperature thermometer whatever. The increase in carbonic acid may be explained to some extent by the sealing up of the surface of the soil thus preventing the natural escape of carbonic acid into the atmosphere. It was not observed that severe frost, apart from a covering of snow on the ground, was followed by increase in the amount of carbonic acid. In each of the three years the highest reading was observed towards the end of August.The remarkably low reading in October 1896 and again in August 1897 followed on a period of drought. No observation was taken from February to June 1897.Much rain was invariably followed by a marked increase in the amount of carbonic acid.No difference between the morning reading and the evening reading of the earth temperature at three feet was ever observed. The observations of the ground thermometer readings were taken on three alternate days of each week. The annual range of the temperature of the earth thermometer at three feet was about 20° Fahr. The lowest reading was observed to be in the month of February when it was in the neighbourhood of 36° Fahr. and the highest reading in the month of August when it was in the neighbourhood of 56° Fahr.There is observed to be a close correspondence between the annual curve of the earth thermometer and the annual curve of the amount of carbonic acid in the soil, that is, when the earth thermometer reading falls to the lowest annual point or rises to its highest annual point the amount of carbonic acid in the soil similarly approaches its lowest and highest points.It is further to be observed by reference to the Reports of the Medical Officer of Health, Edinburgh, that there was a close correspondence between the greater number of fatal cases of Infantile Diarrhoea and the highest reading of the earth thermometer at three feet

Development of Inside-Out Pegylated Crosslinked Hemoglobin Polymers: Novel Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC)

The development of an effective blood substitute is urgent due to increasingly common blood shortages, the need to type-match donated blood, and communicable diseases (e.g. HIV) posing risks for blood transfusions around the world. There have been many attempts at creating hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) using a variety of techniques centered around the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated to hemoglobin (Hb) tetramers. A novel method, “Inside-Out” PEGylation, has been developed by our lab to produce a polyethylene glycol crosslinked hemoglobin (PEG XL-Hb) polymer. This method utilizes a single PEG backbone that is surrounded by multiple proteins, instead of covering a protein with multiple PEG chains. Hemoglobin is extracted from bovine red blood cells, followed by a crosslinking modification to prevent the protein dissociation. The newly stabilized product is then further modified to produce a reactive site that is able to react with the eight arm PEG reagent. Post production, characterization of the polymer was preformed to determine the polymer’s size, ability to release oxygen, and stability of the polymer compared to un-reacted Hb

A case of unilateral cerebral hyperplasia with co-existent 'acromegaly' of the feet, and a slight degree of unilateral gigantism

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Toward Efficient Urban Form in China

Land efficiency in urban China is examined, using Tianjin as a case study, from the perspective of agricultural land conservation; reduction in energy use, conventional pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions; and human time savings. Issues addressed include increased scatter on the periphery, over-consumption of industrial land, over fiscal dependence on land sales, and loss of valuable agricultural and environmental services land. Policy implications discussed include the need for greater variation in urban densities (leveraging already high densities in urban China – one-third the global median), less broad-brush agricultural land conservation policies, higher floor area ratios near rapid transit stations, etc.China, land conversion, land efficiency, land use policy, urban density

Smart Grid communications in high traffic environments

The establishment of a previously non-existent data class known as the Smart Grid will pose many difficulties on current and future communication infrastructure. It is imperative that the Smart Grid (SG), as the reactionary and monitory arm of the Power Grid (PG), be able to communicate effectively between grid controllers and individual User Equipment (UE). By doing so, the successful implementation of SG applications can occur, including support for higher capacities of Renewable Energy Resources. As the SG matures, the number of UEs required is expected to rise increasing the traffic in an already burdened communications network. This thesis aims to optimally allocate radio resources such that the SG Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are satisfied with minimal effect on pre-existing traffic. To address this resource allocation problem, a Lotka-Volterra (LV) based resource allocation and scheduler was developed due to its ability to easily adapt to the dynamics of a telecommunications environment. Unlike previous resource allocation algorithms, the LV scheme allocated resources to each class as a function of its growth rate. By doing so, the QoS requirements of the SG were satisfied, with minimal effect on pre-existing traffic. Class queue latencies were reduced by intelligent scheduling of periodic traffic and forward allocation of resources. This thesis concludes that the SG will have a large effect on the telecommunications environment if not successfully controlled and monitored. This effect can be minimized by utilizing the proposed LV based resource allocation and scheduler system. Furthermore, it was shown that the allocation of periodic SG radio channels was optimized by continual updates of the LV model. This ensured the QoS requirements of the SG are achieved and provided enhanced performance. Successful integration of SG UEs in a wireless network can pave the way for increased capacity of Renewable and Intermittent Energy Resources operating on the PG

By their words ye shall know them: Language abstraction and the likeability of describers

According to the linguistic category model (LCM), behaviour can be described at concrete (e.g. ‘Kath hit Kim’) and abstract (e.g. ‘Kath is aggressive’) levels. Variations in these levels convey information about the person being described and the relationship between that person and the describer. In the current research, we examined the power of language abstraction to create impressions of describers themselves. Results show that describers are seen as less likeable when they use abstract (vs. concrete) language to describe the negative actions of others. Conversely, impressions of describers are more favourable when they opt for abstract descriptions of others' positive behaviours. This effect is partially mediated by the attribution of a communicative agenda to describers. By virtue of these attributional implications, language abstraction is an impression formation device that can impact on the reputation of describers

Housing Voices: Using theatre and film to engage people in later life housing and health conversations

Purpose: Quality, accessible and appropriate housing is key to older people’s ability to live independently. The purpose of this paper is to understand older people’s housing aspirations and whether these are currently being met. Evidence suggests one in five households occupied by older people in England does not meet the standard of a decent home. The Building Research Establishment has calculated that poor housing costs the English National Health Service £1,4bn annually (Roys et al., 2016). Design/methodology/approach: This paper reports on the findings of a participatory theatre approach to engaging with those not often heard from – notably, those ageing without children and older people with primary responsibility for ageing relatives – about planning for housing decisions in later life. The project was led by an older people’s forum, Elders Council, with Skimstone Arts organisation and Northumbria University, in the north east of England. Findings: Findings suggest there is an urgent need to listen to and engage with people about their later life housing aspirations. There is also a need to use this evidence to inform housing, health and social care policy makers, practitioners, service commissioners and providers and product and service designers, to encourage older people to become informed and plan ahead. Research limitations/implications: Use of a participatory theatre approach facilitated people to explore their own decision making and identify the types of information and support they need to make critical decisions about their housing in later life. Such insights can generate evidence for future housing, social care and health needs. Findings endorse the recent Communities and Local Government (2018) Select Committee Inquiry and report on Housing for Older People and the need for a national strategy for older people’s housing. Originality/value: Although this call is evidenced through an English national case study, from within the context of global population ageing, it has international relevance

Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Thyrotoxicosis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136252/1/ijd1979183219.pd