1,812 research outputs found
An Eyring-Kramers law for the stochastic Allen-Cahn equation in dimension two
We study spectral Galerkin approximations of an Allen--Cahn equation over the
two-dimensional torus perturbed by weak space-time white noise of strength
. We introduce a Wick renormalisation of the equation in
order to have a system that is well-defined as the regularisation is removed.
We show sharp upper and lower bounds on the transition times from a
neighbourhood of the stable configuration to the stable configuration
in the asymptotic regime . These estimates are uniform in
the discretisation parameter , suggesting an Eyring-Kramers formula for the
limiting renormalised stochastic PDE. The effect of the "infinite
renormalisation" is to modify the prefactor and to replace the ratio of
determinants in the finite-dimensional Eyring-Kramers law by a renormalised
Carleman-Fredholm determinant.Comment: 28 pages, 1 Figure. Revised version with expanded discussio
Determinants of Public Sector Innovation: The Example of Capacity Development in Public Procurement
The Triple-Helix-Model stresses the idea that a successful national system of innovation ought to incorporate the complexity of three social subsystems: private sector economy, governmental system and science. Following the insight that the state and its agencies are important players in any system of innovation, we take a closer look at the innovative action in the public sphere. Therefore, we propose an analytical tool that allows a more detailed explanation of relevant determinants of innovative behaviour: (1) property rights, (2) capabilities, and (3) motivation. In order to show the relevance of these determinants, we tested the plausibility of our theoretical tool against the topic of public procurement of innovation. Five hypotheses were derived and then tested empirically by using a data set about German public procurement practice. Our linear regression model provides evidence for the hypotheses that framework conditions, special training, and motivation of procurement staff play a central role in demand-driven innovation of the public sector
Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy of biological samples on highly transparent carbon nanomembranes
Ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (CNM) comprising crosslinked biphenyl
precursors have been tested as support films for energy-filtered transmission
electron microscopy (EFTEM) of biological specimens. Due to their high
transparency CNM are ideal substrates for electron energy loss spectroscopy
(EELS) and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) of stained and unstained
biological samples. Virtually background-free elemental maps of tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) and ferritin have been obtained from samples supported by ~ 1 nm
thin CNM. Furthermore, we have tested conductive carbon nanomembranes (cCNM)
comprising nanocrystalline graphene, obtained by thermal treatment of CNM, as
supports for cryoEM of ice-embedded biological samples. We imaged ice-embedded
TMV on cCNM and compared the results with images of ice-embedded TMV on
conventional carbon film (CC), thus analyzing the gain in contrast for TMV on
cCNM in a quantitative manner. In addition we have developed a method for the
preparation of vitrified specimens, suspended over the holes of a conventional
holey carbon film, while backed by ultrathin cCNM
PrÀparation und Charakterisierung von Graphen basierend auf selbst-organisierten Monolagen
Weber N-E. PrÀparation und Charakterisierung von Graphen basierend auf selbst-organisierten Monolagen. Bielefeld: UniversitÀtsbibliothek; 2014
Metal free graphene synthesis on insulating or semiconducting substrates
The present invention relates to a process for preparing graphene by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), wherein an insulating or semiconducting inorganic substrate is provided in a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) reactor and subjected to a thermal pre-treatment in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere,and graphene is deposited on the inorganic substrate by bringing a gaseous oxidant and a carbon-containing precursor into contact with the inorganic substrate
A Comprehensive Study of Module Layouts for Silicon Solar Cells Under Partial Shading
Integrated applications for solar energy production becomes increasingly important. The electrification of car bodies and building facades are only two prominent examples. In such applications shading becomes a challenging problem, since the classic serial interconnection of solar cells in terms of power output is highly vulnerable to partial shading. In this article, we investigate the three most common module layouts in the market (conventional, butterfly, and shingle string) and add a fourth layout (shingle matrix) to be introduced to the market in the future. We discuss an approach to cluster shadings occurring in urban surroundings into basic shapes like ârectangularâ and ârandomâ. Choosing a Monte Carlo technique in combination with latin hypercube sampling (LHS), we consider more than 3000 scenarios in total. For the evaluation of the scenarios, we conduct circuit simulations using LTspice. Furthermore, we define a normalization base, which considers only partial shading as a quantitative baseline for comparison. Our results show, that already for 200â400 scenarios the obtained output values stabilize. Among the investigated module layouts, the shingle matrix interconnection achieves the highest score, followed by a shingle string, half-cell butterfly and the conventional full-cell layout
Single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanocrystalline graphene reduce beam-induced movements in high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy of ice-embedded biological samples
For single particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM), contrast loss due to
beam-induced charging and specimen movement is a serious problem, as the thin
films of vitreous ice spanning the holes of a holey carbon film are
particularly susceptible to beam-induced movement. We demonstrate that the
problem is at least partially solved by carbon nanotechnology. Doping
ice-embedded samples with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in aqueous
suspension or adding nanocrystalline graphene supports, obtained by thermal
conversion of cross-linked self-assembled biphenyl precursors, significantly
reduces contrast loss in high-resolution cryoEM due to the excellent electrical
and mechanical properties of SWNTs and graphene
A density-functional theory approach to the existence and stability of molybdenum and tungsten sesquioxide polymorphs
The sesquioxides of molybdenum and tungsten have been reported as thin films or on surfaces as early as 1971, but the preparation of bulk materials and their crystal structures are still unknown up to the present day. We present a systematic ab initio approach to their possible syntheses and crystal structures applying complementary methods and basis-set types. For both compounds, the corundum structure is the most stable and does not display any imaginary frequencies. Calculations targeted at a high-pressure synthesis starting from the stable oxides and metals predict a reaction pressure of 15 GPa for Mo2O3 and over 60 GPa for W2O3
Conditional human VEGFâmediated vascularization in chicken embryos using a novel temperatureâinducible gene regulation (TIGR) system
Advanced heterologous transcription control systems for adjusting desired transgene expression are essential for gene function assignments, drug discovery, manufacturing of difficult to produce protein pharmaceuticals and precise dosing of geneâbased therapeutic interventions. Conversion of the Streptomyces albus heat shock response regulator (RheA) into an artificial eukaryotic transcription factor resulted in a vertebrate thermosensor (CTA; coldâinducible transactivator), which is able to adjust transcription initiation from chimeric target promoters (PCTA) in a lowâtemperatureâ inducible manner. Evaluation of the temperatureâdependent CTA-PCTA interaction using a tailored ELISAâlike cellâfree assay correlated increased affinity of CTA for PCTA with temperature downshift. The temperatureâinducible gene regulation (TIGR) system enabled tight repression in the chicken bursal Bâcell line DT40 at 41°C as well as precise titration of model product proteins up to maximum expression at or below 37°C. Implantation of microencapsulated DT40 cells engineered for TIGRâcontrolled expression of the human vascular endothelial growth factor A (hVEGF121) provided lowâtemperatureâinduced VEGFâmediated vascularization in chicken embryo
- âŠ