Disrupção da sinalização epigenética da histona através da inibição farmacológica do BRD4 na biologia dos carcinomas de cabeça e pescoço

A descondensação da cromatina exerce um papel central nas diversas etapas do processo de carcinogênese abrindo o genoma para a ação de fatores de transcrição, exercendo papel na progressão e resistência tumoral. Bromodomínios e proteínas com terminal extra, como o BRD4, são leitores epigenéticos que regulam a expressão gênica e, portanto, também estão envolvidos na patogênese do câncer. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da inibição do BRD4 no carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP). Para esse propósito, foi utilizado JQ1, inibidor de BRD4, em concentração de 1uM, nas linhagens de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço HN6, HN12 e HN13. Foi analisado os níveis de BRD4, H4 acetilada e SIRT1 fosforilado através de reações de imunofluorecência e p16ink4 por imunohistoquímica. Foi realizado western blot para checar os níveis de p53 e p53 acetilado. Ensaio de formação de colônias e câmera de invasão foram realizados para testar o efeito do inibidor na proliferação e invasão celular. Através da citometria de fluxo foi analisado o efeito da apoptose com a marcação de caspase-3 clivada, do ciclo celular através da reação por iodeto de propídio e ainda da população de células tronco tumorais pela análise de ALDH e CD44. Por fim, foi realizado modelo xenográfico subcutâneo para analisar o efeito do JQ1. Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa da expressão de BRD4 e H4ac após tratamento com JQ1. As linhagens celulares mostraram redução na capacidade de invasão e de formação de colônias quando submetidas ao JQ1. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao número de células caspase-3 clivada positivas. Por outro lado, foi encontrado um maior número de células na fase G1 do ciclo celular após o uso do inibidor estudado. As células tratadas com JQ1 mostraram menor expressão de p-SIRT1 o que levou a uma diminuição da acetilação do p53 e um aumento na expressão de p16ink4. Paralelamente, foi encontrado uma diminuição na população de células positivas para ALDH e CD44. Houve diminuição do crescimento do tumor no modelo xenográfico tratado com JQ1 quando comparado ao veículo. Nos tecidos derivados do ensaio in vivo, houve uma diminuição nos marcadores p16ink4, pSIRT1 além de acúmulo de H2AX. Conclui-se que o uso de JQ1 resulta na disrupção do crescimento do CECP associado a ativação de senescência, indução de dano de DNA além de reduzir a população de células tronco tumorais. Esses novos achados indicam que o BRD4 é um importante modificador epigenético nos CECP sendo um viável alvo terapêutico.Chromatin descondensation plays a central step in the various stages of the carcinogenesis process opening the genome for transcription factors playing a role in tumor progress and resistance. Bromodomains and extra terminal family, as BRD4, are epigenetics readers that regulate gene expression thus they are also involved in cancer pathogenesis. The objective of this project was studied the effect of BRD4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this purpose, JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, was used in 1uM concentration, in HN6, HN12 and HN13 head and neck carcinoma cell lines. The levels of BRD4, acetylates h4 and phosphorylated SIRT1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and p16ink4 labeling by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was performed to check the levels of p53 and acetylated p53. Colony assay and invasion chamber were performed to test the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and invasion. The effect of apoptosis with the cleaved caspase-3 labeling, the cell cycle by propidium iodide and of the population of tumor stem cells by the analysis of ALDH and CD44 was analyzed through flow cytometry. Finally, a subcutaneous xerographic model was performed to analyze the effect of JQ1. A significant decrease in the expression of BRD4 and H4ac was found after application of JQ1. The cell lines results showed a reduction in the capacity of invasion and also formation of colonies when submitted to JQ1. No differences were found in relation to the number of cells caspase-3 cleaved positives. On the other hand, a large number of cells were found in G1 arrest of cell cycle after use of the BRD4 inhibitor studied. Cells treated with JQ1 showed lower expression of p-SIRT1 which led to a decrease in p53 acetylation and an increase in p16ink4 expression. In parallel, a decrease of ALDH and CD44 positive cells population was found. A decrease in tumor growth was discovered when treated by JQ1 if compared to the vehicle. In tissues samples derived from the in vivo assay, there was a decrease in p16ink4, pSIRT1 markers in addition to -H2Ax accumulation. In conclusion JQ1 causes HNSSC tumor growth disruption associated a senescence activation, DNA damage and a reduce number of cancer stem cells. These new findings indicate that BRD4 is an important genetic modifier in HNSSC and is a viable therapeutic target

Overcoming adaptive resistance in mucoepidermoid carcinoma through inhibition of the IKK-β/IκBα/NFκB axis

Patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) experience low survival rates and high morbidity following treatment, yet the intrinsic resistance of MEC cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and the mechanisms underlying acquired resistance remain unexplored. Herein, we demonstrated that low doses of IR intrinsically activated NFκB in resistant MEC cell lines. Moreover, resistance was significantly enhanced in IR-sensitive cell lines when NFκB pathway was stimulated. Pharmacological inhibition of the IKK-β/IκBα/ NFκB axis, using a single dose of FDA-approved Emetine, led to a striking sensitization of MEC cells to IR and a reduction in cancer stem cells. We achieved a major step towards better understanding the basic mechanisms involved in IR-adaptive resistance in MEC cell lines and how to efficiently overcome this critical problem

TGF-β1 and its association with clinicopathological features, proliferative activity and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma : an immunohistochemical study

Introduction: The prognostic value of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) in oral cancer remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate TGF-β1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and its association with clinicopathological data, tumor proliferative activity, and patients’ prognosis. Methods: A total of 68 patients with histopathological diagnosis of OSCC were included, as well as 9 cases of normal oral mucosa for comparison purposes. The OSCC sample was categorized according to patients’ outcomes in favorable prognosis (n=30) or unfavorable prognosis (n=38). Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1 and Ki-67 were performed. The slides were semi-quantitatively and quantitatively evaluated for TGF-β1 and Ki-67, respectively. Results: TGF-β1 was significantly increased in OSCC compared to normal oral mucosa (<0.01). An inverse correlation was found between TGF-β1 and Ki67 staining in OSCC (p=0.01). No association was found between TGF-β1 expression and OSCC clinicopathological features, prognosis or survival. Conclusions: TGF-β1 had no prognostic value and appears to maintain its suppressive role concerning cell proliferation

Effects of a mucoadhesive formulation containing curcuma longa l. on oral wound healing

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a topical mucoadhesive formulation with Curcuma longa L. extract (MFC) on oral wound healing. Methods: Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Control, Vehicle, and MFC. Traumatic ulcers were made on the dorsum of the tongue with a 3-mm diameter punch. Vehicle and MFC groups received application of the products twice a day, while animals in the control group were cared for in identical conditions but received no product application. Six rats in each group were euthanized at days 3, 5, 10, and 14. Percentage of repair was calculated based on wound area. HE-stained histological sections were obtained for semi-quantitative analysis of re-epithelization and inflammation. Results: Clinical findings revealed that at days 3 and 5, animals from the MFC group exhibited a significantly higher percentage of wound repair. At day 5, animals from this group also demonstrated a significant increase in the degree of re-epithelization and inflammation. Conclusions: MFC is capable of accelerating oral wound repair in an in vivo model by modulating the inflammatory process and stimulating epithelial proliferation

TGF-β1 and its association with clinicopathological features, proliferative activity and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study

Introduction: The prognostic value of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) in oral cancer remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate TGF-β1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and its association with clinicopathological data, tumor proliferative activity and patients’ prognosis. Methods: Sixty-eight patients with histopathological diagnosis of OSCC were included, as 9 cases of normal oral mucosa for comparison purposes. OSCC sample was categorized according to patients’ outcomes in favorable prognosis (n=30) or unfavorable prognosis (n=38). Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1 and Ki-67 was performed. The slides were semi-quantitatively and quantitatively evaluated for TGF-β1 and Ki-67, respectively. Results: TGF-β1 was significantly increased in OSCC compared to normal oral mucosa (<0.01). An inverse correlation was found between TGF-β1 and Ki67 staining in OSCC (p=0.01). No association was found between TGF-β1 expression and OSCC clinicopathological features, prognosis or survival. Conclusion: TGF-β1 had no prognostic value and appears to maintain it’s suppressive role concerning cell proliferation.   Keywords: Head and neck neoplasms; prognosis; transforming growth factor

Acetylation of histone 3 and association with cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma

O desenvolvimento e a progressão do câncer bucal envolvem processos complexos de múltiplas etapas levando a modificações fenotípicas nas células epiteliais, aumento da proliferação e invasão dos tecidos subjacentes. Diversos fatores vem sendo associados à carcinogênese, dentre eles os mecanismos epigenéticos como a acetilação de histonas, que promovem mudanças na expressão de genes independente de mutações. O objetivo do presente estudo observacional transversal foi analisar a relação entre acetilação da histona 3 (acetil Histona H3) com proliferação celular e transição epitélio-mesênquima na mucosa bucal normal (MBN), leucoplasias bucais (LB) e carcinomas espinocelulares (CEC) de boca, bem como correlacioná-los com dados clínico-demográficos, graduação histopatológica e o comportamento das lesões. Foram analisados 10 casos de mucosa bucal normal (MBN), 20 casos de LB e 75 casos de CEC de boca. Todos os casos foram submetidas a análise imunoistoquímica utilizando anticorpos anti-acetil Histona H3, Ki67, vimentina e TGF-β1. A imunomarcação da acetil histona H3 foi significativamente menor nos casos de CEC quando comparados a LB (p=0.03). Não foi encontrado diferença entre os casos de MBN e LB. Paralelamente, foi observado um aumento estatisticamente significativo na proliferação durante o processo de carcinogênese (p<0.00) e o mesmo foi observado quando avaliados os marcadores da transição epitélio-mesênquima, vimentina (p=0.03) e TGF-β1 (p<0.00). A análise da associação dos marcadores com fatores clínicos-demográficos não mostrou diferença significativa. Entretanto, maior média de acetil histona H3 foi associada ao bom prognóstico (p=0.01) e também, foi observado uma tendência de uma melhor taxa de sobrevida (p=0.06). Conclui-se que os CEC de boca são hipoacetilados, exibem maior perfil proliferativo e de transição epitélio-mesênquima. Além disso, a acetil histona H3 pode ser considerada um marcador prognostico nestas lesões.The development and progression of oral cancer involve multi-step processes leading phenotypic changes in epithelial cells, proliferation increase and invasion of adjacent tissue. Several factors have been associated with carcinogenesis, including epigenetic mechanisms such as histone acetylation, which promote changes in the expression independent of gene mutations. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of acetylation of histone 3 (acetyl-histone H3) with cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and correlate them with data clinic-demographic, histopathological grading and the behavior of these lesions. We analyzed 10 cases of normal oral mucosa (NOM), 20 cases of OL and 75 cases of OSCC. All samples were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using anti-acetyl histone H3, Ki67, vimentin and TGF-β1. Acetyl-histone H3 labeling was significantly lower in cases of OSCC compared to LB (p=0.03). It was not found difference between NOM and OL. In parallel, the proliferation analysis revealed a gradual increase on Ki67 labeling (p<0.00) during oral carcinogenesis with highest value detected in OSCC Also, an increase on EMT markers, vimentin (p=0.03) and TGF-β1 (p<0.00) were noted. A higher mean acetyl-histone H3 was associated with good prognosis (p= 0.01) and similarly a tendency to improved survival rate was observed (p=0.06). As conclusion, OSCC are hypoacetylated, exhibit higher proliferative profile and epithelial-mesenchymal transition characteristics. Furthermore, acetyl histone H3 can be considered a prognostic marker in OSCC

Estudo longitudinal das alterações nucleares em células esfoliadas da mucosa bucal clinicamente saudável de usuários de crack e alcoolistas em tratamento

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