Guide to some minerals and rocks in Indiana

Indiana Geological Survey Circular 4The study of minerals and rocks is an important part of the science of geology, which treats of the history of the earth and its life, especially as recorded in the rocks. Surprisingly many of us accept as commonplace many of nature's creations because they are so familiar. Actually, we can find the earth we live on a fascinating world if only we open our eyes to see it. Geologically, Indiana is an interesting state. It has many fascinating geologic and scenic prospects in its more rugged regions., and even its flat areas possess much interesting geologic phenomenan. At one time or another everyone probably has been curious about some particular rock or other object originating in the earth. But most of us who have been curious about these rocks or objects could not identify them, and thus our curiosity remained unsatisfied because we could find no explanation for their existence. This circular was prepared with the hope that it may satisfy, at least in part, the curiosity aroused by finding rocks or minerals. It is hoped that those who have discovered rocks and minerals will be encouraged to become further acquainted with their finds by using this guide. It is impossible to cover fully in this brief report all the characteristics and variations of each kind of rock and mineral found in Indiana. For detailed information regarding Indiana geology, the reader should consult the more detailed reports of the Geological Survey and its predecessors.Indiana Department of Conservatio

Spin-Dependent Two-Color Kapitza-Dirac Effects

In this paper we present an analysis of the spin behavior of electrons propagating through a laser field. We present an experimentally realizable scenario in which spin-dependent effects of the interaction between the laser and the electrons are dominant. The laser interaction strength and incident electron velocity are in the nonrelativistic domain. This analysis may thus lead to novel methods of creating and characterizing spin-polarized nonrelativistic femtosecond electron pulses

Rocks Associated With the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Unconformity in Southwestern Indiana

The purpose of this field conference is to acquaint participants with strata that are associated with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity in southwestern Indiana. Criteria which aid in distinguishing between Mansfield strata of Pottsville (early Pennsylvanian) age and classic formations of Chester (late Mississippian) age will receive considerable attention in discussions at evening meetings and on the outcrop. Inspection of limestone and sandstone quarries will afford an insight into the economic products of Chester and Mansfield rocks

Rocks Associated with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Unconformity in Southwestern Indiana

Indiana Geological Survey Guidebook 9The purpose of this field conference is to acquaint participants with strata that are associated with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in southwestern Indiana. Criteria which aid in distinguishing between Mansfield strata of Pottsville (early Pennsylvanian) age and clastic formations of Chester (late Mississippian) age will receive considerable attention in discussions at evening meetings and on the outcrop. Inspection of limestone and sandstone quarries will afford an insight into the economic products of Chester and Mansfield rocks. Participants may collect fossils at many of the stops.Indiana Geological Survey; Indiana Department of Conservation Department of Geology, Indiana Universit

Occupational and environmental hazard assessments for the isolation, purification and toxicity testing of cyanobacterial toxins

Cyanobacteria can produce groups of structurally and functionally unrelated but highly potent toxins. Cyanotoxins are used in multiple research endeavours, either for direct investigation of their toxicologic properties, or as functional analogues for various biochemical and physiological processes. This paper presents occupational safety guidelines and recommendations for personnel working in field, laboratory or industrial settings to produce and use purified cyanotoxins and toxic cyanobacteria, from bulk harvesting of bloom material, mass culture of laboratory isolates, through routine extraction, isolation and purification. Oral, inhalational, dermal and parenteral routes are all potential occupational exposure pathways during the various stages of cyanotoxin production and application. Investigation of toxicologic or pharmacologic properties using in vivo models may present specific risks if radiolabelled cyanotoxins are employed, and the potential for occupational exposure via the dermal route is heightened with the use of organic solvents as vehicles. Inter- and intra-national transport of living cyanobacteria for research purposes risks establishing feral microalgal populations, so disinfection of culture equipment and destruction of cells by autoclaving, incineration and/or chlorination is recommended in order to prevent viable cyanobacteria from escaping research or production facilities

Evaluation of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage, Idaho--1972

The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., has caused extensive tree mortality for the third consecutive year in the North Fork Clearwater River drainage in northern Idaho. In 1972, the infestation encompassed about 494,080 acres of commercial forest lands in this drainage. It was estimated from a tw-stage aerial photo-ground survey that 240,00 trees were killed during the 3-year period 1970-72, resulting in a loss of about 109 MMBF of Douglas-fir sawtimber. Infestation levels are expected to decline in 1973, but significant tree mortality is expected in Localized infestation centers

Points in Mental Space: an Interdisciplinary Study of Imagery in Movement Creation

As part of a programme of research that is developing tools to enhance choreographic practice, an interdisciplinary team of cognitive scientists, neuroscientists and dance professionals collaborated on two studies examining the mental representations used to support movement creation. We studied choreographer Wayne McGregor’s approach to movement creation through tasking, in which he asks dancers to create movement in response to task instructions that require a great deal of mental imagery and decision making. In our first experiment, we used experience sampling methods (self-report scales and reports about the current focus of thought) with the full company of Wayne McGregor | Random Dance to describe what the dancers report thinking about while creating movement, and to establish how their experiences change as a function of different task conditions. In particular, we contrasted a conventional ‘active’ condition (where dancers are free to move around) with a ‘static’ condition (where they have to create movement mentally, without moving), because all neuroimaging studies of dance require participants to lie motionless within a scanner. We adapted the static mode from Experiment 1 for the neuroimaging session in Experiment 2. Here we recorded the brain activity of an experienced dancer from Wayne McGregor | Random Dance while she mentally undertook movement creation tasks similar to those used in our experience sampling experiment. Both studies involved imagery tasks of a primarily spatial-praxic nature (involving an imagined object or volume that could be approached and manipulated) and imagery that focused on content invoking emotional narratives. In the first study, the dancers’ awareness was focused more than they had anticipated upon conceptual rather than physical or bodily aspects. The very act of reflecting on, and categorising, their experiences provided the dancers with insights about their mental habits during innovative movement creation. Such insights provide conditions under which habits can be recognised and then altered to adopt alternative points in mental space from which to create movement material. Providing the dancers and McGregor with a means to communicate more productively about the properties of the task-based instructions has been acknowledged by the company to be of clear benefit and a useful addition to their working process. In the second study we assessed the feasibility of using fMRI to study the neural underpinnings of choreographing movement tasks. The experiment enabled us to compare brain activity in imagery and movement creation. The data raise some key questions Points in Mental Space 3 concerning the mental context in which such thinking occurs and, given the clear limitations of the current fMRI and experience sampling work, how future research might usefully be directed. Taken together, these two exploratory studies indicate that the experiential and neural attributes of imagery during movement creation are open to systematic investigation: innovative movement creation can start from alternative points in mental, as well as physical, space. This enables us to look forward to establishing with greater precision how tasks that challenge dancers in different ways may affect mental and neural processes and how variation in imagery use across dancers might contribute to the variety of movement creation that they produce. Notably, the act of reflecting on the experience of movement creation also offers some practical leverage to help dancers develop a wider range of strategies for innovation. These findings are being used to contribute to further work informing the development of personal, notebook-like, Choreographic Thinking Tools

Mountain pine beetle impact survey on the Ninemile District, Lolo National Forest, and surrounding state and private lands

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroetonus ponderosae Hopk., has been at epidemic levels in second-growth ponderosa pine stands in the Ninemile area of the Lolo National Forest and surrounding private lands since 1969. An impact survey, using two levels of photography and a small ground sample, was conducted to estimate a loss of 592,469 board feet IP of ponderosa pine on 2,592 acres of infested land. The infestation is expected to continue at about the same level in 1973