16 research outputs found

    Étude des facteurs d'influence d'un faisceau de cylindres dans un Ă©coulement transverse Ă  bas rĂ©gime

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    PhĂ©nomĂšnes induisant des vibrations -- InstabilitĂ© fluide-Ă©lastique -- MĂ©thode des Équations de SensibilitĂ©s -- ModĂ©lisation analytique du phĂ©nomĂšne d'instabilitĂ© fluidĂ©lastique -- Configuration du faisceau -- Équations de mouvement -- Configuration caractĂ©ristique -- Forces induites -- Coefficients de forces -- RĂ©solution des Ă©quations de mouvements -- MĂ©thodes d'analyse des modes contraints -- Équations pour le fluide -- Forces rĂ©sultantes et leurs sensibilitĂ©s -- MĂ©thodes des Ă©lĂ©ments finis -- Maillage adaptatif -- DĂ©termination du domaine d'instabilitĂ© d'une configuration de cylindre ultra-flexible -- Conception du montage et mĂ©thodes expĂ©rimentales -- Premiers rĂ©sultats et comparaisons avec le modĂšle 2-D -- ModĂšle analytique/numĂ©rique 2.5-D -- Analyse des rĂ©sultats sur les moments de la position o%D -- Analyse des rĂ©sultats sur les taux de variation des moments par rapport au positionnement du cylindre -- Analyse des rĂ©sultats sur les sensibilitĂ©s du moment par rapport Ă  la vitesse d'entrĂ©e -- Équations pour l'Ă©coulement et les sensibilitĂ©s en rĂ©gime instationnaire

    TURBOGEN: Computer-controlled vertically oscillating grid system for small-scale turbulence studies on plankton

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    11 pages, 10 figures, 3 tablesIn recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the impact of turbulence on aquatic organisms. In response to this interest, a novel instrument has been constructed, TURBOGEN, that generates turbulence in water volumes up to 13 l. TURBOGEN is fully computer controlled, thus, allowing for a high level of reproducibility and for variations of the intensity and characteristics of turbulence during the experiment. The calibration tests, carried out by particle image velocimetry, showed TURBOGEN to be successful in generating isotropic turbulence at the typical relatively low levels of the marine environment. TURBOGEN and its sizing have been devised with the long-term scope of analyzing in detail the molecular responses of plankton to different mixing regimes, which is of great importance in both environmental and biotechnological processesRachel Macmasters is acknowledged for language check. A.A., M.I.F., D.I., M.R.d’A., and R.W. thank the Flagship project RITMARE—The Italian Research for the Sea Programme (Ricerca ITaliana per il MARE) for partial support. A.A. was funded by the European Union under FP7-People—GA No. 600407Peer Reviewe

    Large-scale structure detection in Rayleigh-Taylor turbulent mixing layers for the validation of statistical two-structure models.

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    Cette thĂšse a pour objectif de dĂ©tecter les structures turbulentes aux grandes Ă©chelles prĂ©sentes dans une couche de mĂ©lange de type Rayleigh-Taylor incompressible Ă  faible nombre d'Atwood. Diverses grandeurs statistiques conditionnĂ©es par la prĂ©sence de ces structures ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues, et il est dĂ©sormais possible de les comparer avec les rĂ©sultats des modĂšles statistiques turbulents dits bi-structure, tel le modĂšle 2SFK dĂ©veloppĂ© au CEA. Afin de rĂ©aliser les simulations numĂ©riques directes du mĂ©lange turbulent, un code numĂ©rique tridimensionnel incompressible Ă  densitĂ© variable a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ce code a Ă©tĂ© parallĂ©lisĂ© dans les trois directions. Plusieurs mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de structure ont Ă©tĂ© conçues et testĂ©es. Bien que toutes ces mĂ©thodes prĂ©sentent diffĂ©rents intĂ©rĂȘts, seule la plus efficace vis-Ă -vis de nos critĂšres de dĂ©tection a Ă©tĂ© gardĂ©e pour faire des simulations Ă  forte rĂ©solution (plus d'un milliard de mailles, 1024^3). Un filtrage temporel de la vitesse verticale est utilisĂ© dans cette mĂ©thode de dĂ©tection afin de : 1) corriger les distorsions dues aux points d'arrĂȘt et zones de recirculation dans l'Ă©coulement, 2) minimiser l'effet de la turbulence aux petites Ă©chelles et mieux mettre en Ă©vidence les grandes Ă©chelles, 3) introduire un effet mĂ©moire permettant de prolonger la bimodalitĂ© du champ de dĂ©tection depuis les zones laminaires extĂ©rieures jusqu'au centre de la zone de mĂ©lange turbulent. Plusieurs simulations numĂ©riques directes 1024^3 ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats viennent conforter ceux obtenus avec le modĂšle bi-structure 2SFK et justifient une Ă©tude plus poussĂ©e des grandeurs statistiques en vue de sa validation.This thesis aims at detecting large-scale turbulent structures in incompressible Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layers at low Atwood number. Various statistical quantities conditioned by structure presence have been obtained and it is now possible to compare them with results from two-structure statistical turbulent models such as the 2SFK model developed at CEA. In order to produce direct numerical simulations of the turbulent mixing, a three-dimensional, incompressible, variable-density numerical code was developed. This code is parallelized in the three directions. Several structure detection methods have been designed and tested. Although all these methods are of interest, only the most efficient with respect to our detection criteria has been retained for simulations at high resolution (over a billion cells, 1024^3). A time filtering of vertical velocity is used in this method to: 1) correct distortions due to stagnation points and recirculation zones in the flow, 2) minimize small-scale turbulence effects and better highlight large-scales, 3) introduce a memory effect in order to extend bimodality of the detection field from the external laminar zones up to the centre of the turbulent mixing zone. Several direct numerical simulations at 1024^3 have been achieved. Results support those obtained with two-structure 2SFK model and justify further studies for its validation

    Large-scale structure detection in Rayleigh-Taylor turbulent mixing layers for the validation of statistical two-structure models.

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    Cette thĂšse a pour objectif de dĂ©tecter les structures turbulentes aux grandes Ă©chelles prĂ©sentes dans une couche de mĂ©lange de type Rayleigh-Taylor incompressible Ă  faible nombre d'Atwood. Diverses grandeurs statistiques conditionnĂ©es par la prĂ©sence de ces structures ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues, et il est dĂ©sormais possible de les comparer avec les rĂ©sultats des modĂšles statistiques turbulents dits bi-structure, tel le modĂšle 2SFK dĂ©veloppĂ© au CEA. Afin de rĂ©aliser les simulations numĂ©riques directes du mĂ©lange turbulent, un code numĂ©rique tridimensionnel incompressible Ă  densitĂ© variable a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ce code a Ă©tĂ© parallĂ©lisĂ© dans les trois directions. Plusieurs mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de structure ont Ă©tĂ© conçues et testĂ©es. Bien que toutes ces mĂ©thodes prĂ©sentent diffĂ©rents intĂ©rĂȘts, seule la plus efficace vis-Ă -vis de nos critĂšres de dĂ©tection a Ă©tĂ© gardĂ©e pour faire des simulations Ă  forte rĂ©solution (plus d'un milliard de mailles, 1024^3). Un filtrage temporel de la vitesse verticale est utilisĂ© dans cette mĂ©thode de dĂ©tection afin de : 1) corriger les distorsions dues aux points d'arrĂȘt et zones de recirculation dans l'Ă©coulement, 2) minimiser l'effet de la turbulence aux petites Ă©chelles et mieux mettre en Ă©vidence les grandes Ă©chelles, 3) introduire un effet mĂ©moire permettant de prolonger la bimodalitĂ© du champ de dĂ©tection depuis les zones laminaires extĂ©rieures jusqu'au centre de la zone de mĂ©lange turbulent. Plusieurs simulations numĂ©riques directes 1024^3 ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats viennent conforter ceux obtenus avec le modĂšle bi-structure 2SFK et justifient une Ă©tude plus poussĂ©e des grandeurs statistiques en vue de sa validation.This thesis aims at detecting large-scale turbulent structures in incompressible Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layers at low Atwood number. Various statistical quantities conditioned by structure presence have been obtained and it is now possible to compare them with results from two-structure statistical turbulent models such as the 2SFK model developed at CEA. In order to produce direct numerical simulations of the turbulent mixing, a three-dimensional, incompressible, variable-density numerical code was developed. This code is parallelized in the three directions. Several structure detection methods have been designed and tested. Although all these methods are of interest, only the most efficient with respect to our detection criteria has been retained for simulations at high resolution (over a billion cells, 1024^3). A time filtering of vertical velocity is used in this method to: 1) correct distortions due to stagnation points and recirculation zones in the flow, 2) minimize small-scale turbulence effects and better highlight large-scales, 3) introduce a memory effect in order to extend bimodality of the detection field from the external laminar zones up to the centre of the turbulent mixing zone. Several direct numerical simulations at 1024^3 have been achieved. Results support those obtained with two-structure 2SFK model and justify further studies for its validation

    Détection des grandes structures turbulentes dans les couches de mélange de type Rayleigh-Taylor en vue de la validation de modÚles statistiques turbulents bi-structure

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    This thesis aims at detecting large-scale turbulent structures in incompressible Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layers at low Atwood number. Various statistical quantities conditioned by structure presence have been obtained and it is now possible to compare them with results from two-structure statistical turbulent models such as the 2SFK model developed at CEA. In order to produce direct numerical simulations of the turbulent mixing, a three-dimensional, incompressible, variable-density numerical code was developed. This code is parallelized in the three directions. Several structure detection methods have been designed and tested. Although all these methods are of interest, only the most efficient with respect to our detection criteria has been retained for simulations at high resolution (over a billion cells, 1024^3). A time filtering of vertical velocity is used in this method to: 1) correct distortions due to stagnation points and recirculation zones in the flow, 2) minimize small-scale turbulence effects and better highlight large-scales, 3) introduce a memory effect in order to extend bimodality of the detection field from the external laminar zones up to the centre of the turbulent mixing zone. Several direct numerical simulations at 1024^3 have been achieved. Results support those obtained with two-structure 2SFK model and justify further studies for its validation.Cette thĂšse a pour objectif de dĂ©tecter les structures turbulentes aux grandes Ă©chelles prĂ©sentes dans une couche de mĂ©lange de type Rayleigh-Taylor incompressible Ă  faible nombre d'Atwood. Diverses grandeurs statistiques conditionnĂ©es par la prĂ©sence de ces structures ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues, et il est dĂ©sormais possible de les comparer avec les rĂ©sultats des modĂšles statistiques turbulents dits bi-structure, tel le modĂšle 2SFK dĂ©veloppĂ© au CEA. Afin de rĂ©aliser les simulations numĂ©riques directes du mĂ©lange turbulent, un code numĂ©rique tridimensionnel incompressible Ă  densitĂ© variable a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ce code a Ă©tĂ© parallĂ©lisĂ© dans les trois directions. Plusieurs mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de structure ont Ă©tĂ© conçues et testĂ©es. Bien que toutes ces mĂ©thodes prĂ©sentent diffĂ©rents intĂ©rĂȘts, seule la plus efficace vis-Ă -vis de nos critĂšres de dĂ©tection a Ă©tĂ© gardĂ©e pour faire des simulations Ă  forte rĂ©solution (plus d'un milliard de mailles, 1024^3). Un filtrage temporel de la vitesse verticale est utilisĂ© dans cette mĂ©thode de dĂ©tection afin de : 1) corriger les distorsions dues aux points d'arrĂȘt et zones de recirculation dans l'Ă©coulement, 2) minimiser l'effet de la turbulence aux petites Ă©chelles et mieux mettre en Ă©vidence les grandes Ă©chelles, 3) introduire un effet mĂ©moire permettant de prolonger la bimodalitĂ© du champ de dĂ©tection depuis les zones laminaires extĂ©rieures jusqu'au centre de la zone de mĂ©lange turbulent. Plusieurs simulations numĂ©riques directes 1024^3 ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats viennent conforter ceux obtenus avec le modĂšle bi-structure 2SFK et justifient une Ă©tude plus poussĂ©e des grandeurs statistiques en vue de sa validation

    On the time scales and structure of Lagrangian intermittency in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

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    We present a study of Lagrangian intermittency and its characteristic time scales. Using the concepts of flying and diving residence times above and below a given threshold in the magnitude of turbulence quantities, we infer the time spectra of the Lagrangian temporal fluctuations of dissipation, acceleration and enstrophy by means of a direct numerical simulation in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. We then relate these time scales, first, to the presence of extreme events in turbulence and, second, to the local flow characteristics. Analyses confirm the existence in turbulent quantities of holes mirroring bursts, both of which are at the core of what constitutes Lagrangian intermittency. It is shown that holes are associated with quiescent laminar regions of the flow. Moreover, Lagrangian holes occur over few Kolmogorov time scales while Lagrangian bursts happen over longer periods scaling with the global decorrelation time scale, hence showing that loss of the history of the turbulence quantities along particle trajectories in turbulence is not continuous. Such a characteristic partially explains why current Lagrangian stochastic models fail at reproducing our results. More generally, the Lagrangian dataset of residence times shown here represents another manner for qualifying the accuracy of models. We also deliver a theoretical approximation of mean residence times, which highlights the importance of the correlation between turbulence quantities and their time derivatives in setting temporal statistics. Finally, whether in a hole or a burst, the straining structure along particle trajectories always evolves self-similarly (in a statistical sense) from shearless two-dimensional to shear bi-axial configurations. We speculate that this latter configuration represents the optimum manner to dissipate locally the available energy

    Global drivers of eukaryotic plankton biogeography in the sunlit ocean

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    Eukaryotic plankton are a core component of marine ecosystems with exceptional taxonomic and ecological diversity, yet how their ecology interacts with the environment to drive global distribution patterns is poorly understood. In this work, we use Tara Oceans metabarcoding data, which cover all major ocean basins, combined with a probabilistic model of taxon co-occurrence to compare the biogeography of 70 major groups of eukaryotic plankton. We uncover two main axes of biogeographic variation. First, more-diverse groups display clearer biogeographic patterns. Second, large-bodied consumers are structured by oceanic basins, mostly through the main current systems, whereas small-bodied phototrophs are structured by latitude and follow local environmental conditions. Our study highlights notable differences in biogeographies across plankton groups and investigates their determinants at the global scale.Fil: Sommeria Klein, Guilhem. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. UniversitĂ© PSL. Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale SupĂ©rieure; FranciaFil: Watteaux, Romain. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; ItaliaFil: Ibarbalz, Federico Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la AtmĂłsfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la AtmĂłsfera; Argentina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. UniversitĂ© PSL. Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale SupĂ©rieure; FranciaFil: Pierella Karlusich, Juan JosĂ©. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂ­micas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. UniversitĂ© PSL. Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale SupĂ©rieure; FranciaFil: Iudicone, Daniele. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; ItaliaFil: Bowler, Chris. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. UniversitĂ© PSL. Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale SupĂ©rieure; FranciaFil: Morlon, HĂ©lĂšne. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. UniversitĂ© PSL. Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale SupĂ©rieure; Franci

    Insights on the drivers of genetic divergence in the European anchovy

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    Anchovies represent the largest world’s marine fish catches and the current threats on their populations impose a sustainable exploitment based on sound scientific information. In the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), the existence of several populations has been proposed but a global view is missing. Using a multidisciplinary approach, here we assessed the divergence among different ecotypes and its possible causes. SNPs have revealed two functionally distinct ecotypes overlapping in the Central Mediterranean, with one ecotype confined near the river estuaries. The same SNPs outliers also segregated two distinct populations in the near Atlantic, despite their large spatial distance. In addition, while most studies suggested that adaptation to low salinity is key to divergence, here we show that the offshore ecotype has higher environmental tolerance and an opportunistic feeding behaviour, as assessed by the study of environmental conditions, anchovy diet and trophic levels, and passive egg dispersal. These results provide insights into the anchovy evolutionary history, stressing the importance of behaviour in shaping ecotypes

    Genomic evidence for global ocean plankton biogeography shaped by large-scale current systems

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    International audienceBiogeographical studies have traditionally focused on readily visible organisms, but recent technological advances are enabling analyses of the large-scale distribution of microscopic organisms, whose biogeographical patterns have long been debated1,2. The most prominent global biogeography of marine plankton was derived by Longhurst3 based on parameters principally associated with photosynthetic plankton. Localized studies of selected plankton taxa or specific organismal sizes1,4–7 have mapped community structure and begun to assess the roles of environment and ocean current transport in shaping these patterns2,8. Here we assess global plankton biogeography and its relation to the biological, chemical and physical context of the ocean (the ‘seascape’) by analyzing 24 terabases of metagenomic sequence data and 739 million metabarcodes from the Tara Oceans expedition in light of environmental data and simulated ocean current transport. In addition to significant local heterogeneity, viral, prokaryotic and eukaryotic plankton communities all display near steady-state, large-scale, size-dependent biogeographical patterns. Correlation analyses between plankto transport time and metagenomic or environmental dissimilarity reveal the existence of basin-scale biological and environmental continua emerging within the main current systems. Across oceans, there is a measurable, continuous change within communities and environmental factors up to an average of 1.5 years of travel time. Modulation of plankton communities during transport varies with organismal size, such that the distribution of smaller plankton best matches Longhurst biogeochemical provinces, whereas larger plankton group into larger provinces. Together these findings provide an integrated framework to interpret plankton community organization in its physico-chemical context, paving the way to a better understanding of oceanic ecosystem functioning in a changing global environment
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