Smoking and Socio-Demographic Determinant of Cardiovascular Diseases among Males 45+ Years in Indonesia

The main objective of this study is to present the prevalence of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) defined as been diagnosed or having symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease, Arrhytmia, or Heart Failure. The main risk factor analyzed is smoking behavior. The data used for this study was from Basic Health Survey of 2007, a National baseline data collected every three years which consist of more than one million samples representing 33 provinces in Indonesia. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, history of CVDs and smoking behavior were collected by highly-trained interviewers using a questionnaire which had been tested. A sub-sample of the survey consisting of 100,009 males aged 45 years and over was analyzed. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) were analyzed using logistic regressions to estimate the prevalence of CVDs by smoking behavior and socio-demographic characteristics. Overall, 86.8% respondents reported that they had never been diagnosed as having CVDs or having any symptom of CVDs.; while 2.1% respondents reported that they had been diagnosed by a health professional (a doctor or a nurse) of having CVDs. The interviewers also identified three signs and symptoms of CVDs for all respondents if they reported of never been diagnosed CVDs. Among all respondents 2.3% had symptoms of coronary heart disease, 4.9% had symptoms of arrhytmia, and 3.9% had symptoms of heart failure. The prevalence of CVDs was significantly higher in former smokers (OR = 2.03), and duration of smoking for more than 20 years. The prevalence of CVDs was significantly higher among older groups. Old males who lived in Sulawesi island had higher probability of having CVDs (OR = 1.67). The lower prevalence of CVDs seemed to have associated with higher among Senior High School Graduate compared to those who Never Schooling (OR = 0.8). Since population of Indonesia is relatively young, the future of health care costs of Indonesia would be high due to high prevalence of smoking among males population. This finding suggests that Indonesia should ratify Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ans start impelementing measures to control tobacco uses in order to reduce public health and economic consequences of smoking in the future

Seputar Biaya Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Di Institusi Pelayanan Kesehatan Pemerintah

Tulisan ini akan membahas faktor lain selain faktor masih diimpomya bahan gigi (dental material) termasuk bahan gigi tiruan yang berpengaruh pada mahal-murahnya harga pelayanan kesehatan gigi termasuk biaya pasang gigi tiruan dan kaitannya dengan beban penyakit (disease burden) yang dipikul oleh masyarakat, khususnya kelompok berpenghasilan rendah, serta cara untuk memperbaikinya

Smoking and socio-demographic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and elderly Indonesian men

Abstrak Latar belakang: Di Indonesia kebiasaan merokok di antara laki-laki usia setengah baya dan baya relatif tinggi. Tujuan penulisan ini menggambarkan faktor risiko dominan terhadap penyakit jantung pada laki-laki 45 tahun ke atas di Indonesia. Metode: Data diambil dari data Riskesdas 2007. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang  status merokok, sosio-demografi, dan riwayat penyakit jantung ditanyakan dan dikumpulkan oleh tenaga pewawancara yang sudah dilatih dengan baik. Hasil: Hasil  survey jumlah sampel yang  dianalisis adalah  92688 jenis kelamin laki-laki dengan umur 45 tahun ke atas. Perokok aktif dan semakin bertambahnya usia lebih berisiko terkena penyakit jantung.  Sedangkan orang dengan belanja rumah tangga rendah mempunyai risiko yang lebih sedikit terkena penyakit jantung. Jika dibandingkan yang bukan perokok, yang merokok antara 1-20 dan 21 batang per hari atau lebih masing-masing memiliki 15% dan 34% risiko terkena penyakit jantung [risiko relatif (RRa) =1.15; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1.09-1.20]. Dibandingkan umur 45-54 tahun, yang berumur 55-64, 65-74, dan 75-97 tahun masing-masing memiliki 17%, 38%, dan 83% terkena penyakit jantung (RRa = 1,17 ; 95% CI = 1,10–1,24; RRa = 1,38; 95% CI = 1,29–1,47; RRa = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,74-1,92). Bagi orang dengan belanja rumah tangga dengan pengeluaran rendah memiliki 7% lebih sedikit terkena penyakit jantung  (RRa = 0,93; 95% CI = 0,89–0,96 Kesimpulan: Umur lebih tua,  belanja rumah tangga rendah, dan lebih banyak jumlah batang yang dihisap mempertinggi risiko penyakit jantung. Sebagai tindakan pencegahannya dapat dilakukan antara lain dengan mengurangi jumlah batang rokok yang dikonsumsi per hari. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 20 - 25) Kata kunci: penyakit kardiovaskular, rokok, umur tua, Indonesia Abstract Background: Smoking habits among middle-age and elderly in Indonesia is relatively high. The main objective of this study is to present the prevalence of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) and it’s risk factors (smoking and socio-demography) among middle-aged men in Indonesia. Methods: Data for this analysis was a part of Basic Health Survey (BHS) 2007. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, history of CVDs and smoking behavior were obtained by highly-trained interviewers using a questionnaire which had been tested previously. Results: A sub-sample of the survey was 92226 males aged 45-97 years. There are tendency that more cigarette smoking and getting older increased risk cardiovascular disease.  On the hand among people who had lower household expenditure had less risk to be cardiovascular disease. Compared with those did not smoke, those who smoke cigarette for 1 to 20 and 21 or more  stick per day had 15% and 34% more risk to be cardiocardiovascular disease [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.20; RRa= 1.37 ; 95% CI = 1.27-1.47 ] respectively. In term of age, compared with those age 45 to 54 years, those who aged 55-64, 65-74, and 75-97 years had 17%, 38%, and 83% to be cardiovascular disease (RRa = 1.19 ; 95% CI = 1.12 – 1.27; RRa = 1.37 ; 95% CI = 1.29 – 1.46; RRa = 1.94 ; 95% CI =  1.84– 2.04 ] respectively. In term level of household expenditure people with Household expenditure had 7% less to be CVDs (RRa = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06 – 1.15 Conclusion: Older age and low house expenditure people and more number of cigarettes trend to increase risk CVDs. Self  assessment of age, and number of cigarettes can be used to control the risk of CVDs. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 20 -25)</em

Smoking and socio-demographic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and elderly Indonesian men

Abstrak Latar belakang: Di Indonesia kebiasaan merokok di antara laki-laki usia setengah baya dan baya relatif tinggi. Tujuan penulisan ini menggambarkan faktor risiko dominan terhadap penyakit jantung pada laki-laki 45 tahun ke atas di Indonesia. Metode: Data diambil dari data Riskesdas 2007. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang  status merokok, sosio-demografi, dan riwayat penyakit jantung ditanyakan dan dikumpulkan oleh tenaga pewawancara yang sudah dilatih dengan baik. Hasil: Hasil  survey jumlah sampel yang  dianalisis adalah  92688 jenis kelamin laki-laki dengan umur 45 tahun ke atas. Perokok aktif dan semakin bertambahnya usia lebih berisiko terkena penyakit jantung.  Sedangkan orang dengan belanja rumah tangga rendah mempunyai risiko yang lebih sedikit terkena penyakit jantung. Jika dibandingkan yang bukan perokok, yang merokok antara 1-20 dan 21 batang per hari atau lebih masing-masing memiliki 15% dan 34% risiko terkena penyakit jantung [risiko relatif (RRa) =1.15; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1.09-1.20]. Dibandingkan umur 45-54 tahun, yang berumur 55-64, 65-74, dan 75-97 tahun masing-masing memiliki 17%, 38%, dan 83% terkena penyakit jantung (RRa = 1,17 ; 95% CI = 1,10–1,24; RRa = 1,38; 95% CI = 1,29–1,47; RRa = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,74-1,92). Bagi orang dengan belanja rumah tangga dengan pengeluaran rendah memiliki 7% lebih sedikit terkena penyakit jantung  (RRa = 0,93; 95% CI = 0,89–0,96 Kesimpulan: Umur lebih tua,  belanja rumah tangga rendah, dan lebih banyak jumlah batang yang dihisap mempertinggi risiko penyakit jantung. Sebagai tindakan pencegahannya dapat dilakukan antara lain dengan mengurangi jumlah batang rokok yang dikonsumsi per hari. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 20 - 25) Kata kunci: penyakit kardiovaskular, rokok, umur tua, Indonesia Abstract Background: Smoking habits among middle-age and elderly in Indonesia is relatively high. The main objective of this study is to present the prevalence of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) and it’s risk factors (smoking and socio-demography) among middle-aged men in Indonesia. Methods: Data for this analysis was a part of Basic Health Survey (BHS) 2007. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, history of CVDs and smoking behavior were obtained by highly-trained interviewers using a questionnaire which had been tested previously. Results: A sub-sample of the survey was 92226 males aged 45-97 years. There are tendency that more cigarette smoking and getting older increased risk cardiovascular disease.  On the hand among people who had lower household expenditure had less risk to be cardiovascular disease. Compared with those did not smoke, those who smoke cigarette for 1 to 20 and 21 or more  stick per day had 15% and 34% more risk to be cardiocardiovascular disease [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.20; RRa= 1.37 ; 95% CI = 1.27-1.47 ] respectively. In term of age, compared with those age 45 to 54 years, those who aged 55-64, 65-74, and 75-97 years had 17%, 38%, and 83% to be cardiovascular disease (RRa = 1.19 ; 95% CI = 1.12 – 1.27; RRa = 1.37 ; 95% CI = 1.29 – 1.46; RRa = 1.94 ; 95% CI =  1.84– 2.04 ] respectively. In term level of household expenditure people with Household expenditure had 7% less to be CVDs (RRa = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06 – 1.15 Conclusion: Older age and low house expenditure people and more number of cigarettes trend to increase risk CVDs. Self  assessment of age, and number of cigarettes can be used to control the risk of CVDs. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 20 -25

Heavy smoking and severe dental caries in Indonesian men

BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, the prevalence of dental caries is 85%–99% and 67.4% of males aged 15 years or older are current users of tobacco. The aim of this study was to examine the association between heavy smoking and severe dental caries. METHODS: The authors used secondary data from Basic Health Research 2007. Respondents were Indonesian males aged 45–54 years (n = 34 534). Decay, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) value was used to define severe dental caries with 31.4% of respondents having DMFT value ≥ 8, the cutoff point of severe dental caries in this study. In addition, the enumerators recorded socio-demographic characteristics (age, socio-economic status, education, and job), tooth brushing and smoking behavior of respondents. Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of severe dental caries between heavy smokers (defined as Brinkman Index or BI ≥ 400) and never smokers (BI = 0). The multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted association between heavy smoking and dental caries severity. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe dental caries among never smokers, light smokers (BI 1-399) and heavy smokers was 24.9%, 32.5%, and 38.7% respectively (p < 0.005). Compared to never smokers, the adjusted ORs of having severe dental caries among light smokers and heavy smokers were 1.45 (95% CI: 1.37-1.53) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.59 – 1.81), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a risk factor of severe dental caries in Indonesian men with dose-and-response association revealed between the exposure and the outcome. Indonesian dentists, individually and collectively, have to participate in smoking prevention and control more actively

Smoking and Socio-demographic Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease Among Middle-aged and Elderly Indonesian Men

Background: Smoking habits among middle-age and elderly in Indonesia is relatively high. The main objective of this study is to present the prevalence of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) and it\u27s risk factors (smoking and socio-demography) among middle-aged men in Indonesia. Methods: Data for this analysis was a part of Basic Health Survey (BHS) 2007. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, history of CVDs and smoking behavior were obtained by highly-trained interviewers using a questionnaire which had been tested previously. Results: A sub-sample of the survey was 92226 males aged 45-97 years. There are tendency that more cigarette smoking and getting older increased risk cardiovascular disease. On the hand among people who had lower household expenditure had less risk to be cardiovascular disease. Compared with those did not smoke, those who smoke cigarette for 1 to 20 and 21 or more stick per day had 15% and 34% more risk to be cardiocardiovascular disease [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.20; RRa= 1.37 ; 95% CI = 1.27-1.47 ] respectively. In term of age, compared with those age 45 to 54 years, those who aged 55-64, 65-74, and 75-97 years had 17%, 38%, and 83% to be cardiovascular disease (RRa = 1.19 ; 95% CI = 1.12 – 1.27; RRa = 1.37 ; 95% CI = 1.29 – 1.46; RRa = 1.94 ; 95% CI = 1.84– 2.04 ] respectively. In term level of household expenditure people with Household expenditure had 7% less to be CVDs (RRa = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06 – 1.15 Conclusion: Older age and low house expenditure people and more number of cigarettes trend to increase risk CVDs. Self assessment of age, and number of cigarettes can be used to control the risk of CVDs. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 20 -25

Sumartono, W., Thabrany, H., & Meidyawati, R. (2016). Heavy smoking and severe dental caries in Indonesian men

Sumartono, W., Thabrany, H., & Meidyawati, R. (2016). Heavy smoking and severe dental caries in Indonesian men. Tobacco Control and Public Health in Eastern Europe, 6(1), 21-29