Hubungan Infestasi Cacing Yang Ditularkan Melalui Tanah Dan Eosinofilia Pada Siswa SD Gmim Buha Manado

: Infestation of soil transmitted helminth is often found among communities in developing countries. This helminthic infestation can affect nutritional state, physical growth, mental, cognition, and intellectual deterioration in children. Increased eosinophils (eosinophilia) is often associated with diseases caused by worms and allergy. This study aimed to determine the links between investastion of soil transmitted helminth and esinophilia among students in SD GMIM Buha Manado. This was a prospective observational study with a cross-sectional approach. According to exclusive and inclusive criteria, 80 samples were obtained. Data were analyzed by using the Fisher Exact and Phy correlation coefficient analysis. The resluts showed that 17.5 % students were infected by Ascaris lumbricoides, meanwhile Trichuris trichiura and hookworm were not evident. The corelation test showed that there was a significant relationship between infestation of soil transmitted helminth and eosinophilia with a P-value = 0.001. Conclusion: There was a high significant relationship between infestation of soil transmitted helminth and eosinophilia among students of SD GMIM Buha Manado. The most frequent found was Ascaris lumbricoides and its infestation was marked by eosinophilia

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI KELURAHAN KARAME LINKUNGAN. 1 DAN 2 KEC. SINGKIL KOTA MANADO

Kegiatan Program Kemitraan Mayarakat (PKM) bertujuan untuk menghasilkan masyarakat yang mampu mengelola sampah rumah tangga dengan baik, masyarakat yang mau menjaga daerah aliran sungai tempat mereka hidup, bersihnya daerah perairan teluk Manado dari sampah rumah tangga (termasuk sampah plastik), pelestarian biota laut khusunya plankton. Kegiatan PKM ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Karame lingkungan 1 dan 2, Kec. Singkil, Kota Manado yang memang sangat memiliki masalah terkait dengan sampah. Kelurahan Karame berbatasan langsung dengan daerah aliran sungai Tondano dan lokasinya juga merupakan tempat berkumpulnya air dari Tondano maupun Sawangan. Walaupun hampir selalu mendapat bencana banjir, sampai saat ini masyarakat Kelurahan Karame belum memiliki kesadaran untuk menjaga lingkungan. Sampah rumah tangga seperti sisa-sisa bahan makanan, sisa-sisa plastik pembungkus makanan ataupun limbah perikanan (insang, jeroan ikan) masih saja terlihat di selokan besar yang ada di Kelurahan Karame ling.1 maupun ling. 2. Dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut, tim telah mengadakan kegiatan berupa penyuluhan tentang “Sampah dan Dampaknya bagi Lingkungan dan Kesehatan”. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah agar masyarakat sadar bahwa sampah akan menjadi masalah bila tidak ditangani dengan benar (dibuang ke DAS Tondano), dan masyarakat khususnya ibu-ibu juga diminta untuk memilah sampah/mendaur ulang sampah sehingga bisa menguntungkan (contohnya mengumpulkan botol aqua untuk dijual). Kegiatan PKM ini akan berlangsung selama 4 bulan (Agustus – November 2018). Berdasarkan kegiatan penyuluhan tersebut, nampak bahwa warga lebih termotivasi untuk mulai memilah sampah organik dan non-organik yang bernilai ekonomis sebagai potensi usaha yang ramah lingkungan.___________________________________________________________________________Kata Kunci: Sampah, Karame, Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, Pengelolaan Sampa

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS LAMUN DI DESA DARUNU KECAMATAN WORI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

Seagrass meadows have ecological roles such as habitats of other organisms, as primary producers in shallow waters, as substrates stabilizer, as well as carbon storage. The seagrass meadow community structure and condition of Darunu Village Waters has never been reported. The study purposes are to find out and analyze seagrass species abundance, community structure and diversity index. Data collection of seagrass community structure was taken using the line transect method. Three 100 m line transects were laid from the coast perpendicular to the sea. The distance between each transect is 50m . Then the data was taken using a 50 x 50 cm2 quadrant. The quadrat was placed from 0 m to 100m and the distance between each quadrat was 10 meters. This study found 6 types of seagrasses, namely Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule pinifilia, and Syringodium isoetifolium. The diversity index of seagrass species at the research site was moderate (1 ≤ H' ≤ 3 diversity of medium species). Keywords: Darunu Village, Community Structure, Padang Lamun.   ABSTRAK Kawasan ekosistem padang lamun yang ada di Perairan Desa Darunu sampai saat ini belum pernah ada informasi tentang keadaan struktur komunitas lamun yang ada disana. Padang lamun memiliki nilai ekologis seperti habitat organisme lain, produsen primer di perairan dangkal, penstabil substrat, dan bahkan penyimpan karbon di perairan dangkal. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis lamun apa saja yang terdapat di perairan Desa Darunu dan juga untuk mengetahui gambaran dari struktur komunitas lamun yang ada di perairan Desa Darunu. Pengambilan data bioekolgi lamun struktur komunitas diambil dengan menggunakan metode line transect yang ditarik tegak lurus ke arah laut menjauhi pantai dengan jarak sejauh 100 meter, kemudian dilakukan pengamatan menggunakan kuadran cm2 yang sebelumnya sudah diletakkan pada titik awal 0 meter sampai dengan seterusnya di sepanjang garis transek dengan jarak antar kuadran yaitu 10 meter. Hasil penelitian menemukan 6 jenis lamun yaitu Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule pinifilia, Syringodium isoetifoliumKeanekaragaman jenis lamun di lokasi penelitian berdasarkan Shannon-Wiener memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman sedang (1 ≤ H’ ≤ 3 keanekaragaman spesies sedang). Kata Kunci: Desa Darunu, Struktur Komunitas, Padang Lamun

Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Government and nongovernmental organizations need national and global estimates on the descriptive epidemiology of common oral conditions for policy planning and evaluation. The aim of this component of the Global Burden of Disease study was to produce estimates on prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability for oral conditions from 1990 to 2017 by sex, age, and countries. In addition, this study reports the global socioeconomic pattern in burden of oral conditions by the standard World Bank classification of economies as well as the Global Burden of Disease Socio-demographic Index. The findings show that oral conditions remain a substantial population health challenge. Globally, there were 3.5 billion cases (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 3.2 to 3.7 billion) of oral conditions, of which 2.3 billion (95% UI, 2.1 to 2.5 billion) had untreated caries in permanent teeth, 796 million (95% UI, 671 to 930 million) had severe periodontitis, 532 million (95% UI, 443 to 622 million) had untreated caries in deciduous teeth, 267 million (95% UI, 235 to 300 million) had total tooth loss, and 139 million (95% UI, 133 to 146 million) had other oral conditions in 2017. Several patterns emerged when the World Bank's classification of economies and the Socio-demographic Index were used as indicators of economic development. In general, more economically developed countries have the lowest burden of untreated dental caries and severe periodontitis and the highest burden of total tooth loss. The findings offer an opportunity for policy makers to identify successful oral health strategies and strengthen them; introduce and monitor different approaches where oral diseases are increasing; plan integration of oral health in the agenda for prevention of noncommunicable diseases; and estimate the cost of providing universal coverage for dental care

Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65·3 years (UI 65·0-65·6) in 1990, to 71·5 years (UI 71·0-71·9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47·5 million (UI 46·8-48·2) to 54·9 million (UI 53·6-56·3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute differences between countries decreased but relative differences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative differences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10·7%, from 4·3 million deaths in 1990 to 4·8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specific mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition - in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden - is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions