THE RESIDENTS PARTICIPATION IN THE CREATION OF EXTRACTIVE IRIRI RIVER RESERVE AND CURRENT PERCEPTION OF TERRITORIAL SECURITY

PARTICIPAÇÃO DOS MORADORES NA CRIAÇÃO DA RESERVA EXTRATIVISTA DO RIO IRIRI E ATUAL PERCEPÇÃO DE SEGURANÇA TERRITORIALPARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS RESIDENTES EN LA CREACIÓN DE LA RESERVA EXTRACTIVA DEL RÍO IRIRI Y LA ACTUAL PERCEPCIÓN DE SEGURIDAD TERRITORIALABSTRACTThe Extractive Reserve Iriri River (RESEX Iriri) is located in the Amazon biome, in the region known as Terra do Meio (TM), in the interfluve of the Xingu and Iriri Rivers in the State of Pará, Brazil. This area is marked by a confrontational territorial occupation history, in which the local population had its permanence and its threatened traditional way of life, which allowed land ownership by loggers, land grabbers and farmers. Our research assessed the participation and awareness of the territorial security of bordering the Rio Iriri Extractive Reserve, with the creation of this Conservation Unit. The results showed us that had a significant decrease in threats. However, we emphasize that, to ensure the traditional way of extractive life, it is necessary to consolidate the territorial security measures and public policies.Keywords: Qualitative Research; Conservations Unities; Eastern Amazonia.RESUMOA Reserva Extrativista do Rio Iriri (RESEX Iriri) está localizada, no bioma amazônico, na região conhecida como Terra do Meio (TM), no interflúvio dos rios Xingu e Iriri, no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Esta área é marcada por um histórico de ocupação territorial conflituoso, no qual a população ribeirinha teve sua permanência e seu modo de vida tradicional ameaçado, o que permitiu a apropriação fundiária por madeireiros, grileiros e fazendeiros. Nossa pesquisa avaliou a participação e a percepção da segurança territorial dos ribeirinhos da Reserva Extrativista Rio Iriri, com a criação desta Unidade de Conservação. O resultado nos mostrou que teve uma diminuição significativa nas ameaças. Porém, ressaltamos que, para garantir o modo de vida tradicional extrativista, é preciso consolidar as medidas de segurança territorial como politicas públicas.Palavras-chave: Pesquisa Qualitativa; Unidades De Conservação; Amazônia Oriental.RESUMENLa reserva extractiva del río Iriri (RESEX Iriri) se encuentra en el bioma amazónico, en la región conocida como Terra do Meio (TM) en el interfluvio de los ríos Xingu e Iriri en el Estado de Pará, Brasil. Esta zona está marcada por una historia de ocupación territorial conflictiva, en el que la población local vio su permanencia y su forma de vida tradicional amenazada, lo que permitió propiedad de la tierra por parte de madereros, ganaderos y usurpadores de tierras. Nuestra investigación evaluó la participación y el conocimiento de la seguridad territorial de la Reserva de Extracción bordeando el Río Iriri, con la creación de este espacio protegido. Los resultados mostraron que había una disminución significativa de las amenazas. Sin embargo, hacemos hincapié en que para garantizar el modo de vida tradicional de extracción, es necesario consolidar las medidas de seguridad y políticas públicas territoriales.Palabras clave: Investigación Cualitativa; Unidades de Conservación; Amazonia Oriental

Estrutura populacional, uso de ambientes e crescimento corporal de Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia (DAUDIN, 1801), na Ilha de Algodoal/Maiandeua, Maracanã, Pará, Brasil

For Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia (Daudin, 1801), until this study, there were no further studies that focused on their ecology in natural environment. In general, the existing works are based on few records at different locations in range of the species and data from animals in captivity, such reports have described the species as a generalist in relation to their feeding and the use of environments. This study aimed to evaluate the use of environments, the population structure and estimate the constant growth of the Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia in Island of Algodoal/Maiandeua, which is an environmental protection area (APA). As methodology were conducted experimental fishing in different environments of the APA of Algodoal/Maiandeua, between the years 2008 and 2009. Of the sampled specimens were captured only environments without the influence of marine waters and abundant food resources, such as the fruits of Annona sp. and Chysobalanus sp.. Environments used by R. p. punctularia (flooded forest, temporary ponds and lagoons of the plain), the highest yields were found in lagoons of the plain, where there is a greater availability of fruits of Annona sp. and Chysobalanus sp in water bodies that the species occupies. The population of R. p. punctularia in Algodoal/Maiandeua is mainly composed of adults and is slightly skewed towards females (0.43 males). The average length of females is 195.42±18 mm (range 43-226 mm) (n=68) while the males is 167±12.7 mm (range 133-197mm) (n=64), the females being statistically larger than males (U=454.02; GL=132, p=0.0001, n=132). In both sexes there was a significantly negative relationship between growth rate and length of the carapace. The model of von Bertallanfy was an estimated value of k=0.19 year-1 for males and k=0.16 year-1 for females, since the values of L∞ were 207.36 mm and 237.89 mm for males and females, respectively. When you reach the CRC 237 mm for females and 207 mm for males, the species reaches the age of about 33 years in both sexes.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorProjeto PIT-PARÁPara Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia (DAUDIN, 1801), até o presente trabalho, não existiam estudos mais aprofundados que abordassem sua ecologia em ambiente natural. Em geral, os trabalhos existentes são baseados em poucos registros em diferentes locais de abrangência da espécie e dados de animais em de cativeiro, tais trabalhos descrevem a espécie como generalista em relação à sua alimentação e ao uso de ambientes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de ambientes, a estrutura populacional e estimar as constantes de crescimento de Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia na Ilha de Algodoal/Maiandeua. Como metodologia foram realizadas pescarias experimentais em diferentes ambientes da APA de Algodoal/Maiandeua, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Dos ambientes amostrados foram capturados espécimes somente ambientes sem influência de águas marinhas e com abundantes recursos alimentares, tais como frutos de Annona sp. e Chysobalanus sp.. Dos ambientes utilizados por R. p. punctularia (igapó, poças temporárias e lagoas de região de planície), os maiores rendimentos foram encontrados nos lagoas de região de planície, onde há uma maior disponibilidade de frutos de Annona sp. e Chysobalanus sp nos corpos d’água que a espécie ocupa. A população de R. p. punctularia em Algodoal/Maiandeua é composta principalmente por indivíduos adultos e é levemente desviada para fêmeas (0.43 machos). O comprimento médio das fêmeas é de 195.42±18 mm (amplitude de 43-226 mm) (n=68) enquanto os machos é de 167±12.7 mm (amplitude de 133-197mm) (n=64), sendo as fêmeas estatisticamente maiores que os machos (U=454.02; GL= 132; p=0.0001; n=132). Em ambos os sexos houve uma relação significativamente negativa entre a taxa de crescimento e comprimento da carapaça. Através do modelo de von Bertallanfy foi estimado um valor de k=0.19 ano-1 para os machos e de k=0.16 ano-1 para as fêmeas, já os valores de L∞ foram de 207.36 mm e 237.89 mm para os machos e para as fêmeas, respectivamente. Ao alcançarem o CRC de 237 mm para as fêmeas e de 207 mm para os machos, a espécie atinge a idade de aproximadamente 33 anos em ambos os sexos

BYCATCH OF BROWN-BANDED WATER SNAKES (Helicops angulatus) IN HOOP-TRAPS USED TO CAPTURE TURTLES ON THE COAST OF PARÁ, BRAZIL

Entre setembro de 2007 e agosto de 2009, foram executadas excursões de campo as ilhas da Romana e Maiandeua na costa brasileira do Estado do Pará, para a coleta de espécimes dos quelônios aquáticos (Rhinoclemmys punctularia e Kinosternon scorpioides) em lagoas naturais, utilizando armadilhas do tipo covo (hoop-nets). 35 exemplares da cobra aquática Helicops angulatus, foram capturados acidentalmente nas armadilhas. Além de quelônios, este procedimento pode ser utilizado para a amostragem de populações de serpentes aquáticas.Palavras-chave: Métodos de amostragem, lagoas naturais. ABSTRACTBetween September, 2007, and August, 2009, a number of field excursions were conducted on the northern Brazilian coast (Romana and Maiandeua islands in the state of Pará) for the collection of specimens of freshwater turtles (Rhinoclemmys punctularia and Kinosternon scorpioides) in natural ponds. Where hoop-nets were used, a number of specimens of brown-banded water snakes, Helicops angulatus, were captured as bycatch in the traps. In addition to turtles, then, the procedure may be useful for the sampling of populations of aquatic snakes.Key words: Sampling methods, natural ponds

Habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the spot-legged turtle, Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia (Testudines: Geoemydidae), in Algodoal-Maiandeua Island, Pará, Brazil.

Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia is a semi-aquatic chelonian found in Northern South America. We analyzed the habitat use, size structure and sex ratio of the species on Algodoal-Maiandeua Island, a protected area on the Northeastern coast of the Brazilian state of Pará. Four distinct habitats (coastal plain lake, flooded forest ?igapó?, interdunal lakes, and tidal channels) were surveyed during the rainy (March and April) and dry (August and September) seasons of 2009, using hoop traps. For the analysis of population structure, additional data were taken in March and August, 2008. A total of 169 individuals were captured in flooded forest (igapó), lakes of the coastal plain and, occasionally, in temporary pools. Capture rates were highest in the coastal plain lake, possibly due to the greater availability of the fruits that form part of the diet of R. p. punctularia. Of the physical-chemical variables measured, salinity appeared to be the only factor to have a significant negative effect on capture rates. The sex ratio was only slightly biased to females, and did not vary between habitats or seasons. Straight carapace length was significantly larger in females, but did not vary between habitats. Overall, the evidence indicates that both biotic and abiotic factors like food availability, low current and salinity, influence the habitats selection and use by R. p. punctularia on Algodoal-Maiandeua IslandRhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia es un quelonio semi-acuático, con amplia distribución geográfica. El presente trabajo analiza la densidad relativa, proporción sexual y el uso de hábitat de esta especie en la isla de Algodoal-Maiandeua, en el litoral Norte de Brasil. Cuatro hábitats distintos fueron muestreados durante los períodos de lluvias y seco de 2009, en donde se utilizaron trampas de aro. Muestras de 2008 (marzo-agosto) también se emplearon para el análisis de la estructura de la población. Asimismo, fueron encontrados 169 ejemplares en el bosque inundado, lagunas de tierras bajas y, ocasionalmente, en lagunas temporales. Las tasas de captura fueron más altas en las lagunas costeras, posiblemente debido a la mayor disponibilidad de frutos, que sirven de alimento para esta especie. De las variables físico-químicas, la salinidad fue el único factor que se correlaciona inversamente con las tasas de captura. La proporción de sexos fue ligeramente superior en las hembras, pero no varió entre los hábitats o período del año. El tamaño promedio de los individuos fue mayor en las hembras, pero no varió entre hábitats. Los factores ambientales, como la disponibilidad de alimentos, la baja salinidad y la poca corriente, probablemente hayan favorecido la selección y el uso de estos hábitats por R. p. punctularia

[Artículo Retractado/Retracted Article]:BYCATCH OF HELICOPS ANGULATUS (LINNAEUS 1758) (REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: COLUBRIDAE) IN HOOP-TRAPS USED TO CAPTURE FRESH WATER TURTLES ON THE COAST OF PARÁ, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Between September, 2007, and August, 2009, six field excursions were conducted on the northern Brazilian coast (Romana and Maiandeua islands, state of Pará) for the collection of specimens of freshwater turtles (Rhinoclemmys punctularia and Kinosternon scorpioides) in natural ponds. Hoop-nets were used and 35 specimens of brown-banded water snakes, Helicops angulatus, were captured as bycatch in the traps. Thus, in addition to turtles, the procedure may be useful for the sampling populations of aquatic snakes. RESUMEN Entre septiembre de 2007 y agosto de 2009, seis excursiones de campo se llevaron a cabo en la costa norte de Brasil (islas Romana y Maiandeua, estado de Pará) para la recolección de especímenes de tortugas de agua dulce (Rhinoclemmys punctularia y Kinosternon scorpioides) en posos naturales. Utilizamos trampas en embudo. 35 ejemplares de la serpiente acuática Helicops angulatus, fueron capturados como pesca incidental en las trampas. Por lo tanto, además de las tortugas, el procedimiento puede ser útil para la toma de muestras de las poblaciones de serpientes acuáticas

[artículo retractado/retracted article]:bycatch of helicops angulatus (linnaeus 1758) (reptilia: squamata: colubridae) in hoop-traps used to capture fresh water turtles on the coast of pará, brazil

ABSTRACT Between September, 2007, and August, 2009, six field excursions were conducted on the northern Brazilian coast (Romana and Maiandeua islands, state of Pará) for the collection of specimens of freshwater turtles (Rhinoclemmys punctularia and Kinosternon scorpioides) in natural ponds. Hoop-nets were used and 35 specimens of brown-banded water snakes, Helicops angulatus, were captured as bycatch in the traps. Thus, in addition to turtles, the procedure may be useful for the sampling populations of aquatic snakes. RESUMEN Entre septiembre de 2007 y agosto de 2009, seis excursiones de campo se llevaron a cabo en la costa norte de Brasil (islas Romana y Maiandeua, estado de Pará) para la recolección de especímenes de tortugas de agua dulce (Rhinoclemmys punctularia y Kinosternon scorpioides) en posos naturales. Utilizamos trampas en embudo. 35 ejemplares de la serpiente acuática Helicops angulatus, fueron capturados como pesca incidental en las trampas. Por lo tanto, además de las tortugas, el procedimiento puede ser útil para la toma de muestras de las poblaciones de serpientes acuáticas

Hunting sustainability within two eastern Amazon Extractive Reserves

Subsistence hunting provides an important food source for rural populations in tropical forests but can lead to wildlife depletion. Management of wildlife resources depends on assessments of hunting sustainability. We assessed the sustainability of subsistence hunting in two Amazonian Extractive Reserves. We examined hunting data from a community-based monitoring programme conducted in 30 communities during 63 consecutive months to address temporal trends in hunting yields in terms of catch per unit of effort of all game species and the six most hunted species. We also assessed the prey profiles across different communities. Game species composition did not differ between monitored communities, and the most hunted species were Tayassu pecari, large cracids, Cuniculus paca, Mazama spp., Tapirus terrestris and Pecari tajacu. Catch per unit of effort was stable for all game species and each of the most hunted species, indicating that hunting was generally sustainable. These findings reflect the exceptionally low human population density and continuous forest cover of the study landscape, and long-term hunting sustainability and local protein acquisition will depend on maintaining these social and environmental settings. The results also show that large Sustainable Use Protected Areas can help foster sustainable game management and should thus be included in public policies