Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Katalis Heterogen Berbasis Hydrotalsit Dalam Reaktor Fixed Bed

ujuan umum penelitian ini adalah mempelajari kerja katalis hasil rekayasa (Na-K/Mg-Al hydrotalsit) pada pembuatan biodiesel dengan proses transesterifikasi dalam reaktor batch dan kontinyu (fixed bed). Percobaaan dilakukan dalam 3 tahap yaitu: sintesa katalis, seleksi katalis dalam reaktor batch, proses transesterifikasi dalam reaktor fixed bed serta mencari model kinetika reaksi. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan metode kopresipitasi dan impregnasi kemudian diikuti kalsinasi pada temperatur 250, 350 ,450, 550 dan 650 o C selama 6 jam. Katalis dikarakterisasi dengan metode X-ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET). Seleksi katalis Na-K/Mg-Al hydrotalsit dilakukan melalui transesterifikasi minyak kelapa sawit dalam reaktor batch pada suhu 65 o C selama 5 jam. Katalis yang terbaik akan digunakan untuk transesterifikasi minyak kelapa sawit dalam reaktor fixed bed. Transesterifikasi dalam reaktor fixed bed dilakukan dengan ratio minyak/metanol (1:10, 1:12, 1:24), suhu operasi (150, 175, 200, 225, 250 o C) dan laju alir umpan (3, 6, 9, 12 ml/menit). Produk biodiesel yang terbentuk dianalisa dengan metode GC (Gas Chromatography). Luas permukaan dari MgAl-Hydrotalsit tertinggi didapat saat dikalsinasi pada suhu 650 o C, yakni sebesar 156,252 m2 /gr. Katalis yang dapat memberikan aktivitas katalitik terbaik pada reaksi transesterifikasi dalam reaktor batch, yakni katalis Na-K/MgAl-Hydrotalsit dengan % loading Na-K sebesar 10% Katalis tersebut dapat menghasilkan konversi reaksi sebesar 93,65%. Katalis yang memberikan aktivitas katalitik terbaik, kemudian dipakai untuk proses transesterifikasi pada reaktor fixed bed. Perbandingan molar minyakmetanol, laju alir umpan ke dalam reaktor serta suhu operasi reaktor sangat berpengaruh terhadap konversi reaksi. Konversi reaksi terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan molar minyak/metanol 1 : 24, laju alir umpan 3 ml/menit dan suhu reaksi 225o C, yakni sebesar 67,21 %. Persamaan kinetika reaksi untuk reaksi transesterifikasi minyak kelapa sawit menggunakan katalis Na-K/MgAl-Hydrotalsit pada reaktor fixed bed dapat dirumuskan sebagai − = 0,02926 4496.21 , . ======================================================================================================== The general objective of this research is studying the performance of the modified catalyst (using Na-K/MgAl-Hydrotalcite) in the production of biodiesel by transesterification process in batch and continuous reactors (fixed bed). Experiment is performed in three steps: syntesis of the catalyst, the catalyst selection in a batch reactor, the transesterification in a fixed bed reactor and calculate the reaction kinetics model. Catalyst preparation is carried out by coprecipitation and impregnation methods and then calcination at 250, 350, 450, 550, 650 o C for 6 hours. Catalyst is characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) methods. The selection of using Na-K/MgAl-Hydrotalcite is carried out by transesterification of palm oil in batch reactor at 65 o C over 5 hours. The best catalyst, will be used for transesterification of palm oil in fixed bed reactor. Transesterification in fixed bed reactor is carried out at several ratio mole oil/metanol (1:10, 1:12, 1:24), operating temperatures (150, 175, 200, 225, 250 o C) and feed flow rates (3, 6, 9, 12 ml/minute). Biodiesel product that formed will be analyzed using GC (Gas Chromatography) method. The highest surface area of MgAl-Hydrotalcite that obtained is 156,252 m2 /gr when it calcined at 650 o C. using Na-K/MgAl-Hydrotalcite catalyst that was prepared using 10% Na-K can give the best catalytic activity at transesterification in batch reactor. That catalyst can obtain conversion of reaction until 93,65% Catalyst that can give the best catalytic activity, then used for transesterification process in fixed bed reactor. Rasio mole oil/metanol, feed flow rate into reactor and operation temperature of reactor are very influence towards conversion of reaction. The highest conversion of reaction is obtained with ratio mole oil/metanol 1 : 24, feed flow rate 3 ml/mins and reaction temperature 225o C, that is 67,21%. Kinetics equation for transesterification of palm oil using Na-K/MgAlHydrotalcite as catalyst in fixed bed reactor is well-defined by − = 0,02926 4496.21 ,

Kadar IgE Penderita Alergi pada Mahasiswa Teknologi Laboratorium Medik Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

The prevalence of allergies is increasing from year to year due to the modern lifestyle in society. The incidence of allergies was influenced by several factors, such as genetics, age, sex, diet, food type, and also environmental factors. Determination of IgE levels in adolescents and young adults is important because the incidence of allergy is highly reported in adolescents and young adults. This study was conducted to determine IgE levels in allergies among university students in Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. This observational study was conducted among diploma students of Medical Laboratory Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. The data of characteristic subjects were collected by a self-administered questionnaire whereas data of IgE levels were collected by serum samples and measured by ELISA. A total of 23 students (4.35 % male and 95.65% female) were included. Seafood allergy (25%) were the commonest allergy among the students. Only 9% of subjects have combination allergies. The highest of IgE levels were 365 IU/mL

Determination Of IgE Levels In Allergies Among Medical Laboratory Technology Students In Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

The prevalence of allergies is increasing from year to year due to the modern lifestyle in society. The incidence of allergies was influenced by several factors, such as genetics, age, sex, diet, food type, and also environmental factors. Determination Ig E levels in adolescents and young adults is important because the incidence of allergy is highly reported in adolescents and young adults. This study was conducted to determine Ig E levels in allergies among university students in Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto This observational study was conducted among diploma students of Medical Laboratory Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. The data of characteristic subjects were collected by a self-administered questionnaire whereas data of Ig E levels were collected by serum samples and measured by ELISA. A total of 23 students (4,35 % male and 95,65% female) were included. Seafood allergy (25%) were the commonest allergy among the students. Only 9% of subjects have combination allergies. The highest of Ig E levels were 365 IU/mL

Deteksi Endoparasit Cacing pada Hepar Tikus Laboratorium (Rattus norvegicus) dari Sentra Peternak di Kabupaten Banyumas dan Kabupaten Purbalingga

The presence of laboratory rats that are maintained and bred for laboratory purposes or laboratory observations is very necessary. The presence of endoparasite in laboratory rats will have an impact on the result of the research or laboratory observations. This study aims to detect helminth endoparasites in the liver of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) from animal breeders in Banyumas and Purbalingga Districts. This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 52 laboratory rats were used in the study. Rats are killed with chloroform, liver surgery then identify the presence of worm larvae. Out of the 52 rats obtained, 7 (29.17%) from 24 laboratory rats in Banyumas District and 5 (17.86%) from 28 laboratory rats in Purbalingga District were infected with Taenia taeniaeformis. It is necessary to control helminth infections in laboratory rats, such as laboratory animal quarantine, health monitoring, and antihelmintic treatment. It is important to handle carefully during travel to assure the results of research or laboratory observations using the animals

Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit RBD Dengan Menggunakan Katalis Berpromotor Ganda Berpenyangga γ-Alumina (CaO/MgO/ γ-Al2O3) Dalam Reaktor Fluidized Bed

Biodiesel merupakan salah satu energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil dari hasil reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nabati dengan metanol. Proses pembuatan biodiesel selama ini menggunakan katalis homogen NaOH atau KOH yang memiliki kelemahan terbentuknya produk samping berupa sabun dan rumitnya pemisahan produk biodiesel dengan katalis. Maka dari itu, mulai dikembangkan katalis heterogen. Penelitian ini mengembangkan katalis berpromotor ganda berpenyangga y-alumina (CaO/MgO/y-Al2O3) dalam reaktor fluidized bed. Pembuatan katalis melalui metode presipitasi CaO dan MgO pada y-Al2O3 serta asam asetat sebagai larutan precursor. Kemudian, katalis dioven selama 12 jam pada suhu 110C dan dikalsinasi pada suhu 700 C selama 5 jam. Katalis yang diperoleh digunakan untuk proses transesterifikasi dengan ratio molar minyak metanol 1:36; variabel massa katalis 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 gram; laju alir reaktan 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 ml/menit; dan suhu 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 C. Dimana yield dan % konversi terbaik dari penelitian diperoleh sebesar 0,642 gr biodiesel/gr minyak dan 63,975% pada massa katalis 16 gram, suhu 225 C dan laju alir reaktan 4 ml/menit

EFEK MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI HEPAR TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) GALUR WISTAR

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid that naturally comes from vegetable and animal protein functioned as a taste enhancer. So far, the use of MSG in various countries has increased by 1 g / day and can have an impact on cell damage to several organs. The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of MSG on the liver histology of Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study used Posttest Only Control Group Design consisting of 4 groups, as control and MSG treatment doses of 5 g / kg BW, 10 g / kg BW, and 15 g / kg BW for 14 days orally. Each group consisted of 6 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2-3 months with a weight of 200-250 grams in good health. A day after 14 days of treatment, the rats' liver organs were taken and preparations were made using the paraffin method. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of research showed that the control group looked normal, while the P1 group had 40.5 (40-43)% cell abnormalities and 52.5 (27-56)% cell abnormalities. The P3 group showed the most significant liver cell damage, namely 60 (59-62)%. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test analysis showed a significant difference of p = 0.034 between cell abnormalities and the dose level of MSG (p-value 0.05). It can be concluded that MSG administration in stratified doses can cause liver cell damage in the form of degeneration and necrosis. Giving a dose of MSG 15 g / kg BW for 14 days showed the most significant liver cell damage at 60 (59-62)%.Keywords: Cell Abnormality, Liver, Monosodium Glutamat

Hubungan Kadar C-Reactive Protein (CRP) dengan Jumlah Limfosit pada Pasien TB Paru di BKPM Purwokerto: Relationship of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Levels with Lymphocyte TB Patiens at BKPM Purwokerto

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that attacks the lung parenchyma. Pulmonary TB is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary TB is classified into Pulmonary TB and Extra Pulmonary TB. The prevalence of TB globally is 10 million people; Indonesia ranks second after China and India. This study aims to determine the relationship between levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) with the number of lymphocytes in patients with pulmonary TB at BKPM Purwokerto. The research design was in the form of an analytical observational design with an analytical cross-sectional design. The data on the characteristics of the subjects were obtained by filling in the information content, while the levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) were used quantitatively and qualitatively, and the number of lymphocytes was measured using a hematology analyzer. There were 30 respondents (60% male and 40% female). There is a relationship with Spearman's correlation test with a value of r = -0.466 and p <0.0001

Hubungan Kadar C-Reactive Protein dengan Jumlah Leukosit Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru pada Fase Pengobatan 0 dan 2 Bulan di BKPM Purwokerto

Pulmonary tuberculosis is still a health problem to control in the world. This disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can cause inflammation that can trigger increased levels of C-Reactive Protein and leukocytes in the body. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between C-Reactive Protein levels and the number of leukocytes with treatment phases 0 and 2 months in BKPM Purwokerto. The design of this study was an analytical observation with a cross-sectional research design. Results from 30 pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated for 0 and 2 months showed a correlation between CRP levels and white blood cell counts (p = 0.002, r = 0.445). There is a moderate relationship between CRP levels and leukocyte counts. High levels of CRP correlate with increasing the number of leukocytes. More research is needed on the relationship between CRP levels and leukocyte counts with different phases of treatment

Literature Review: Hubungan Kadar D-Dimer dengan Tingkat Keparahan Pasien Covid-19: Literature Review: The Relationship of D-Dimer Levels with the Sverity of Covid-19

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19). D-dimer is one of the hemostasis tests performed on patients infected with the disease, it is a product of fibrin degradation and a biomarker of platelet disorders. With the development of COVID-19 as a pandemic, D-dimer has become an indicator for prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Based on symptoms, the severity of COVID-19 patients consists of mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. The author conducted a literature review regarding the correlation between D-dimer levels and the severity of COVID-19 patients. Data and theory were taken from ten references from several databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Science Direct, Garuda, and Neliti. The references taken were from the 2020-2022 range. In all of these references, statistical test results were obtained with a significant value below 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a correlation between D-dimer levels and the severity of COVID-19. In COVID-19 infections with severe symptoms, immunothrombosis can occur due to hyperinflammatory conditions and cytokine storms. Immunothrombosis occurs as a result of the body's defense against viral infections. Damage to lung tissue in COVID-19 patients triggers a procoagulant response associated with inflammatory cytokines in blood vessel tissue