Shelf Life of Artocarpus lowii King’s Seeds And Its Viability

Artocarpus lowii King is a species of Moraceae family members. This species is widely utilized by people as food, medicine, and timber. A. lowii is propagated by seed. A. lowii seeds belong to the recalcitrant seeds, which have a short shelf life. Therefore, it is necessary to find the right storage method for storing A. lowii seeds, in order that A. lowii seed has longer shelf life. The purpose of this study was to determine the viability A. lowii with storage time treatments and find the efficient storage method. A. lowii seeds were stored by covering the seeds with mosses in a jar. It was taken 40 seeds every week for viability test. The 30 seeds have planted in the sand media and 10 seeds for grain moisture content calculations. Results of this study were water content of A. lowii seed on 0  wk to 7 wk increased, and the viability of A. lowii seeds have still high enough to 9 wk around               60 %. Therefore, seed storage methods using mosses can be used as an alternative to extend the shelf life of A. lowii seed. Keywords: Artocarpus lowii King; recalcitrant seed; storage medi

VARIASI STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI POHON PADA PETAK- PETAK CUPLIKAN VEGETASI DI KAWASAN GUNUNG SEKINCAU BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN, LAMPUNG BARAT

Mount Sekincau is a part of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) that has less been explored. It is situated at between 1100–1719 m above sea level. This area included in the category of lower montane rain forests. A vegetation analysis has been conducted to determine the tree structure variation and composition of trees in Mount Sekincau BBSNP. Sample plots were randomly chosen (purposive random sampling) at five locations which consist of 10 plots sized 50 x 50 m2 (0.25 hectares). There were 32 families 59 genus and 89 species with a density of 253 ind/0.5 ha. Mount Sekincau area has an airly good condition, this is indicated by the average value of diversity index (2.67) and evenness index (0.47). Trees often found in this area are members of family Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae. Quercus blumeana Korth. (kayu pasang) is dominating and important species (IVI = 27.18%) and has a wide distribution in Sekincau. The forest in this area has an important role to support life and the environment. Therefore, managers of BBSNP can improve care and maintenance. Moreover, Sekincau area directly adjacent to residential areas, so that the necessarily sustainable management on an ongoing basis to meet the needs of the surrounding community

Perkecambahan Biji Dictyoneura acuminata Blume. pada Cahaya Merah dan Merah Jauh

ABSTRACTDictyoneura acuminata Blume is one of species from Sapindaceae which is native to Borneo (Sabah, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan), the Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua New Guinea. Economically, D. acuminata is usually used as an ornamental plant because it has attractive leaves and flowers. D. acuminata propagation can be done by using seed but information on seeds and their germination is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern ofgermination and the effect of red and far red light on D. acuminata germination. The experimental design was completely randomized design with one factor and 5 levels. The factors was light with red light, far red light, dark, greenhouse control, and laboratory controls as levels. Each level was repeated 4 times with 10 seeds in each experimental unit. Data showed that far red light causes the seeds germinate 10 days faster than seeds germinated in the greenhouse. D. acuminata seedlingheight was affected by light. The seedling could grow higher when the light intensity decreased, a process called etiolation.Keywords: Dictyoneura acuminata Blume, germination, lightABSTRAKDictyoneura acuminata Blume adalah salah satu spesies dalam famili Sapindaceae yang merupakan tanaman asli Borneo (Sabah, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Timur), Filipina, Sulawesi, Maluku dan Papua Nugini. Secara ekonomi, D. acuminata biasanya dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman hias karena memiliki daun dan bunga yang menarik. Perbanyakan D. acuminata dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan biji tetapi informasi mengenai biji dan perkecambahannya masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengetahui pola perkecambahan dan pengaruh cahaya merah dan merah jauh terhadap perkecambahan biji D. acuminata. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan satu faktor dan 5 taraf. Faktor yang digunakan yaitu cahaya dengan cahaya merah, cahaya merah jauh, gelap, kontrol rumah kaca, dan kontrol laboratorium sebagai tarafnya. Setiap taraf diulang sebanyak 4 kali dengan 10 biji pada setiap satuan percobaan. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa cahaya merah jauh menyebabkan biji berkecambah lebih cepat 10 hari dibandingkan dengan biji yang dikecambahkan di rumah kaca. Tinggi kecambah D. acuminata dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan cahaya yaitu semakin sedikit intensitas cahaya semakin panjang tinggi kecambah, suatu proses yang disebut etiolasi.Kata kunci: cahaya, Dicyoneura acuminata Blume, perkecambaha

Interaksi antara Bakteri Endofit dan Bakteri Perakaran Pemacu Pertumbuhan Tanaman dalam Menekan Penyakit Layu Bakteri pada Tomat

One of the factors affected production of tomato is the incidence of bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. An alternative control to manage the disease which is environmentally friendly is the use of biocontrol agents. Application of endophytic bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis BC4) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens RH4003 and Bacillus subtilis AB89) as biocontrol of tomato bacterial wilt was expected to be an alternative method. The objective of this study is to evaluate the interaction among endophytic bacteria and PGPR to suppress the development of bacterial wilt disease (R. solanacearum) and promoting the growth of tomato. Bacterial treatment which caused the highest suppression on disease incidence was single application of P. fluorescens RH4003. Disease index caused by S. epidermidis BC4 and P. fluorescens RH4003 applied individually was up to 41.18 dan 45.88%, respectively. Interaction between the endophytic bacteria and both of the PGPRs were antagonistic

Kriopreservasi Tunas in Vitro Pepaya ‘Sukma’ Dengan Perlakuan Prakultur, Loading, Dan Dehidrasi Dengan Pvs2 Dan Modifikasinya

Papaya has high genetic variability because it is an open-pollinated plant and has genotype and phenotypeare that are easily changed due to environment changes. Cryopreservation is a storing method of germplasm in liquid nitrogen (-196 oC) which can maintain the genotype and phenotype of germplasm. The experiment aimed to obtain the best preculture, loading, and dehydration for cryopreservation of papaya ‘Sukma’ in vitro shoots. For preculture, we planted shoots on MS media with 0.3 M and 0.4 M sucrose for 1, 2, and 3 days. In the loading treatment, we immersed shoots in loading solution (liquid MS+1.2M glycerol+0.4M sucrose) for 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. For dehydration, we immersed shoots in cryoprotectant (PVS2 and its modification) for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Then, shoots were immersed in liquid nitrogen. The results showed thatshoots had the best survival rate while they had been precultured on MS medium with 0.3 M sucrose for 3 days. The best loading treatment time was 20–30 minutes. The best dehydration treatment was obtained by modification of PVS2 for 10 minutes. The shoots have not been able to recovery after cryopreservation, so it can be concluded that cryopreservation of in vitro papaya ‘Sukma’ shoots has not been successful

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Pembungaan Bunga Lisptik ‘Soedjana Kasan’ terhadap Aplikasi GA3, Etefon, dan Paklobutrazol

Aeschynanthus ‘Soedjana Kasan’ atau bunga lipstik ‘Soeka’ adalah varietas baru hasil persilangan antara dua spesies bunga lipstik yaitu Aeschynanthus radicans Jack. dan Aeschynanthus tricolor Hook. Tanaman ini memiliki kelemahan yaitu berbunga setahun sekali dan bunganya cepat rontok. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi giberelin (GA3), etefon, dan paklobutrazol terhadap pertumbuhan dan pembungaan bunga lipstik ‘Soeka’. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan sembilan perlakuan, yaitu GA3 50 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, GA3 150 ppm, etefon 50 ppm, etefon 100 ppm, paklobutrazol 50 ppm, paklobutrazol 100 ppm, dan paklobutrazol 150 ppm yang diaplikasikan pada tanaman berumur 4 minggu serta tanpa perlakuan ZPT sebagai kontrol. Setiap perlakuan diulang 5 kali sehingga terdapat 45 satuan percobaan. Masing-masing satuan percobaan terdiri dari satu pot berisi lima stek tanaman. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pertambahan jumlah cabang terbanyak didapatkan pada tanaman dengan aplikasi GA3 150 ppm, sedangkan untuk pertambahan jumlah daun dan panjang cabang, aplikasi ZPT tidak berpengaruh nyata. Ruas batang bunga lipstik memendek dengan aplikasi etefon dan memanjang dengan aplikasi GA3 dan paklobutrazol. Waktu inisiasi tercepat adalah aplikasi etefon 50 dan 100 ppm yaitu 1 sampai 2 minggu setelah aplikasi. Aplikasi paklobutrazol 100 ppm menghasilkan jumlah bunga terbanyak dan bunga yang dihasilkan dapat bertahan hingga menjadi buah. Kata kunci: Aeschynanthus, pembungaan, pertumbuhan, tanaman hias, zat pengatur tumbuhAeschynanthus ‘Soedjana Kasan’ or ‘Soeka’ lipstick flower is a new inter-specific hybrid variety derived from Aeschynanthus radicans Jack. and Aeschynanthus tricolor Hook. This variety generally blooms once a year and the flowers are easily abscised. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different concentrations of plant growth regulator (PGR) (GA3, ethephon, and paclobutrazol) on plant growth and flowering of ‘Soeka’ lipstick flower. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with nine treatments, consisted of spraying application of GA3 at 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, ethepon at 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and paclobutrazol at 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm. Plants without PGR application were used as control. Each treatment was replicated five times, each of which consisted of one pot containing 5 stem cuttings. The results showed that the highest number of branch increments were obtained by plants sprayed with 150 ppm GA3. All PGR treatments had no significant effect on the total number of leaves and branch length. Application of ethephon resulted in shorter internodes, whereas GA3 or paclobutrazol applications resulted in longer internodes. The fastest flower initiation was obtained in 1 to 2 weeks after ethephon application at 50 and 100 ppm. The highest number of flowers were obtained on plants sprayed with 100 ppm paclobutrazol. In contrast to the abscised flowers induced by other PGR, those induced by paclobutrazol were successfully developed into fruits. Keywords: Aeschynanthus, flowering, growth, ornamental plant, plant growth regulato

Mikromorfologi dan Perkecambahan In Vitro Biji Anggrek Endemik Sulawesi: Phalaenopsis venosa Shim & Fowlie

Phalaenopsis venosa Shim & Fowlie adalah anggrek endemik Sulawesi terancam punah sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya konservasi. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui mikromorfologi dan media perkecambahan in vitro untuk mendukung upaya konservasi P. venosa. Biji P. venosa dipanen pada enam bulan setelah penyerbukan dan disimpan di freezer pada suhu -4 °C selama sembilan bulan. Pengamatan mikromorfologi menggunakan mikroskop cahaya OPTIKA M-699. Biji P. venosa memiliki panjang 91.99±17.73 µm, lebar 20.64 ±4.34 µm; serta embrio dengan panjang 52.27±12.13 µm, lebar 16.72±3.42 µm, dan rongga udara 13.25% ± 11.65%. Pengujian perkecambahan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan satu faktor, yaitu enam macam media, dan enam ulangan. Media perkecambahan yang diujikan yaitu Hyponex modifikasi (HS), Vacin & Went modifikasi (mVW), Knudson’s C modifikasi (mKC), Knudson’s C (KCA), Murashige & Skoog setengah konsentrasi (1/2MS), dan Murashige & Skoog (MS). Tingkat perkecambahan tertinggi pada 12 minggu setelah tanam (12 MST) terdapat pada media HS (70.52%) dengan rata-rata 14.35 biji berkecambah. Perkembangan protokorm di media HS lebih lambat dibandingkan perkembangan protokorm di media 1/2MS yang menunjukkan pembentukan rhizoid dan pucuk daun. Hal itu karena media 1/2MS lebih kaya nutrisi dibandingkan dengan media HS. Kata kunci: media perkecambahan, mikromorfologi biji, OrchidaceaePhalaenopsis venosa Shim & Fowlie, one of Sulawesi’s endemic orchid species, is threatened to extinction, hence require conservation efforts. Capsules of P. venosa were harvested six months after pollination. Seeds were stored in the freezer at -4 °C for nine months. Micromorphology was observed using a light microscope OPTIKA M-699. The seeds of P. venosa were 91.99±17.73 µm long and 20.64 ±4.34 µm wide, containing embryos 52.27±12.13 µm long and 16.72±3.42 µm wide, and the air space was 13.25%±11.65%. The experiment used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely six media and six replications. Media for germination including modified Hyponex (HS), modified Vacin & Went (mVW), modified Knudson’s C (mKC), Knudson’s C (KCA), Murashige & Skoog half concentration (1/2MS), and Murashige & Skoog (MS). The highest germination rate at 12 weeks after planting (12 WAP) was found in HS (70.52%). The average number of seeds germinating in HS at 12 WAP was 14.35 seeds, but the development of protocorms was slower compared to 1/2MS, which showed the development of rhizoid and leaf primordia. This is due to the higher nutritional content of 1/2MS compared to HS. Keywords: germination media, Orchidaceae, seed micromorphology &nbsp

Effect of Cryoprotectans and Cryopreservation on Physiological and Some Biochemical Changes of Hopea odorata Roxb. Seed

Hopea odorata Roxb. is a forest plant from Dipterocarpaceae family that has important economic and ecological functions in the ecosystem.  Generative propagation of H. odorata is limited because of its recalcitrant seed that cannot be stored for long periods at room temperature or even at low temperature. Cryopreservation is a seed storage technique that has the potential to prolong the shelf life of recalcitrant seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectant and cryopreservation treatment on seed viability and biochemical change (electrolyte leakage, total malondialdehyde, total phenol) of H. odorata seeds. Fresh seeds of H. odorata were treated with two types of cryoprotectans namely PVS1 as non penetrating cryoprotectant and PVS2 as penetrating cryoprotectant, each type of cryoprotectant with four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 or 100%(w/v)) and four different immersion times (30, 60, 90 or 120 mins). Seeds were then stored in two different temperatures, at room temperature (28±2⁰C) or in liquid nitrogen (-196±2⁰C) for 24 hours to evaluate the cryoprotectant toxicity. The results showed that H. odorata seeds stored at room temperature and immersed either in 100%, 75% or 50% of PVS1 possess a higher viability as well as germination percentage, germination rate, vigour index and maximum growth potensial. In addition, they have lower value of electrolyte leakage, total malondialdehyde and total phenol compared to those seeds treated with PVS2. Meanwhile, both type of cryoprotectants and cryopreservation treatment in this study have not been able yet to increase seed viability of H. odorata. Cryopreservation treatments caused an increase in the total of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakageas and these leads the inability of  H. odorata seeds to germinate. PVS1 cryoprotectant seems to cause less toxic effects on H. odorata seeds but it can not prevent the negative impact of cryopreservation treatment.

Isolation of Flower Development Regulator Gene SEPALLATA 1 in Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume is an indigenous orchid species in Indonesia. This orchid has a white large flower. The large flower is caused by the existence of gene that has an important role in flower development. One of the genes is SEPALLATA 1. This gene is a member of superfamily MADS-Box gene. SEPALLATA 1 gene is a marker of primordial flower organ. This study aimed to isolate SEPALLATA1 gene from Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume by PCR using forward primer 5’-GCT-GGA-GCG-GAT-CGA-GAA-CA-3’and reverse primer 5’-TCA-TGC-AAG-CCA-ACC-AGG-TG-3’. This study successfully amplified 691 bp lengths of SEPPALATA1 fragment, lacking 20 bp upstream which consist its start codon. Keywords: Flower development regulation, Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume, SEPALLATA 1 gene

Perbanyakan Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) ‘Sukma’ In Vitro dari Eksplan Tunas Pucuk sebagai Respon terhadap BA dan NAA

Papaya is one of tropical fruits native to Southern Mexico and which have been cultivated in Indonesia for a longtime. Papaya is usually propagated by seeds. Therefore, the offsprings are not true-to-type. This study was conducted todevelop a protocol of in vitro propagation of papaya ‘Sukma’ from shoot tips of in vitro germinated seeds as explants. Seedswere extracted from fruit that physiologically ripe and it germinated on MS basal medium. The experiment was set up in arandomized block design with culturing day as blocks (four blocks) and various concentrations of BA (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and2.0 mg L-1) in MS medium enriched with NAA 0.5 mg L-1 as treatment. Shoot tips in the MS medium without plant growthregulator as control so there was six treatments and 24 observation units. Each observation units contained five culturevessels and each culture vessels contained four explants. The results showed that the highest number of shoots, number ofleaves, number of nodes, and percentage of explant forming callus were obtained by BA 1.0-1.5, 1.0-2.0, 0.5-2.0, and 1.0-1.5 mg L-1, respectively. The highest percentage of explant forming roots were obtained in medium without BA. Analysis ofregression showed that the optimum concentration to get the highest number of shoots and leaves were BA 1.31 and 1.35 mgL-1, while explants will be rooted in medium without BA. Thus, in vitro propagation for papaya ‘Sukma’ should be conductedin two steps, i.e. for shooting and rooting growth