The Japanese Intervention in the Revival of the Chinese Monarchy

Yuan Shikai attempted to revive the Chinese monarchy in late 1915. This unwise act aroused the attention of the major western powers, England, France, Russia, America, as well as that of Japan. The result of Yuan’s bold move depended on the attitude of these major powers. This was at a time when Europe was embroiled in the First World War. European countries like England, France, Russia, and Germany simply did not possess the time to become heavily involved in China’s internal affairs. Japan however took advantage of this situation in order to gain more new rights in China. During the course of this revivalist movement, Japan constantly changed its attitude towards the revival of the monarchy. Furthermore, Japan resorted to all kinds of measures in order to intervene in the internal affairs of China, in an attempt to promote a pro-Japanese government in Beijing.東アジアの思想と構

The Inception of Sato Tetsutaro\u27s Naval Theory : Personal Comments about the National Defense

As a military theorist, Sato Tetsutaro played a key role in the history of the imperial Japanese navy and was known by many as "the Mahan of Japan." According to Sato\u27s defense theory, the Empire of Japan had to focus more on the sea, rather than the mainland of China, to protect Japan\u27s global independence and maintain prosperous economic growth. Accordingly, Sato and his military theory were not welcomed by the imperial Japanese army, nor did the latter become a pillar of Japan\u27s national defense theory. But this doesn\u27t mean that Sato\u27s military theory is unimportant. This paper discusses the beginning of Sato\u27s military theory and analyzes when and how Sato started to concentrate his attention on the imperial Japanese navy\u27s theory of defense.研究ノー

The Form of Sato Tetsutaro\u27s National Defense Theory : The Theory of Empire\u27s National Defense

As a military theorist, Sato Tetsutaro played a key role in the history of the imperial Japanese navy and was known by many as "the Mahan of Japan". Sato joined The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894-17 April 1895) and rendered meritorious military service in the war. After that, he was sent to study abroad in British and the United States for two years and a half. When coming back to Japan, he was arranged to work in The Naval War College as a teacher. As soon as he start to work, he wrote out The Theory of Empire\u27s National Defense. This book marked the form of of Sato Tetsutaro\u27s national defense theory. First of all, this paper discusses the process that why and how Sato studied abroad. Then through the analysis of the content of The Theory of Empire\u27s National Defense, I try to find out what kind of national defense theory Sato was appealing for.文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点[東アジアの思想と構造

佐藤鐵太郎の国防思想に関する基礎的研究 [全文の要約]

関西大

佐藤鐵太郎の国防思想に関する基礎的研究 [論文要旨及び審査の要旨]

関西大

The deterioration of starch physiochemical and minerals in high-quality indica rice under low-temperature stress during grain filling

Low temperatures during the grain-filling phase have a detrimental effect on both the yield and quality of rice grains. However, the specific repercussions of low temperatures during this critical growth stage on grain quality and mineral nutrient composition in high-quality hybrid indica rice varieties have remained largely unexplored. The present study address this knowledge gap by subjecting eight high-quality indica rice varieties to two distinct temperature regimes: low temperature (19°C/15°C, day/night) and control temperature (28°C/22°C) during their grain-filling phase, and a comprehensive analysis of various quality traits, with a particular focus on mineral nutrients and their interrelationships were explored. Exposure of rice plants to low temperatures during early grain filling significantly impacts the physicochemical and nutritional properties. Specifically, low temperature increases the chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree, while decreases starch and amylopectin content, with varying effects on amylose, protein, and gelatinization temperature among rice varieties. Furthermore, crucial parameters like gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH), gelatinization temperature range (R), and peak height index (PHI) all significantly declined in response to low temperature. These detrimental effects extend to rice flour pasting properties, resulting in reduced breakdown, peak, trough, and final viscosities, along with increased setback. Notably, low temperature also had a significant impact on the mineral nutrient contents of brown rice, although the extent of this impact varied among different elements and rice varieties. A positive correlation is observed between brown rice mineral nutrient content and factors such as chalkiness, gelatinization temperature, peak viscosity, and breakdown, while a negative correlation is established with amylose content and setback. Moreover, positive correlations emerge among the mineral nutrient contents themselves, and these relationships are further accentuated in the context of low-temperature conditions. Therefore, enhancing mineral nutrient content and increasing rice plant resistance to chilling stress should be the focus of breeding efforts to improve rice quality

Boosting Heterosubtypic Neutralization Antibodies in Recipients of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Vaccine

Our data demonstrated that the inoculation with vaccine derived from the 2009 pandemic influenza raised vigorous neutralization antibodies against both cognate H1N1 and heterotypic influenza viruses. This observation has important implication for vaccine development

Rapamycin Enhances Mitophagy and Attenuates Apoptosis After Spinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

The spinal cord is extremely vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and the mitochondrion is the most crucial interventional target. Rapamycin can promote autophagy and exert neuroprotective effects in several diseases of the central nervous system. However, the impact of rapamycin via modulating mitophagy and apoptosis after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential role of rapamycin in modulating mitophagy and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis using the spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCIRI) mouse model. We found that rapamycin significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced mitophagy by increasing the translocation of p62 and Parkin to the damaged mitochondria in the mouse spinal cord injury model. At the same time, rapamycin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased mitochondrial apoptosis related protein (Apaf-1, Caspase-3, Caspase-9) expression by inhibiting Bax translocation to the mitochondria and the release of the cytochrome c from the mitochondria. After 24 h following SCIRI, rapamycin treatment reduced the TUNEL+ cells in the spinal cord ischemic tissue and improved the locomotor function in these mice. Our results therefore demonstrate that rapamycin can improve the locomotor function by promoting mitophagy and attenuating SCIRI -induced apoptosis, indicating its potential therapeutic application in a spinal cord injury

Novel, Real-Time Cell Analysis for Measuring Viral Cytopathogenesis and the Efficacy of Neutralizing Antibodies to the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus

A novel electronic cell sensor array technology, the real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system, was developed to monitor cell events. Unlike the conventional methods labeling the target cells with fluorescence, luminescence, or light absorption, the RTCA system allows for label-free detection of cell processes directly without the incorporation of labels. Here, we used this new format to measure the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus and the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies in human sera to this virus. The real-time dynamic monitoring of CPE was performed on MDCK cell cultures infected with the H1N1 virus, ranging from 5.50×102 to 5.50×107 copies/mL. The resulting CPE kinetic curves were automatically recorded and were both time and viral load dependent. The CPE kinetics were also distinguishable between different H1N1 stains, as the onset of CPE induced by the A/Shanghai/37T/2009 H1N1 virus was earlier than that of the A/Shanghai/143T/2009 H1N1 virus. Furthermore, inhibition of H1N1 virus-induced CPE in the presence of human specific anti-sera was detected and quantified using the RTCA system. Antibody titers determined using this new neutralization test correlated well with those obtained independently via the standard hemagglutination inhibition test. Taken together, this new CPE assay format provided label-free and high-throughput measurement of viral growth and the effect of neutralizing antibodies, illustrating its potential in influenza vaccine studies