Virtual lines, a deadlock-free and real-time routing mechanism for ATM networks

In this paper, we present a routing mechanism and buffer allocation mechanism for an ATM switching fabric. Since the fabric will be used to transfer multimedia traffic, it should provide a guaranteed throughput and a bounded latency. We focus on the design of a suitable routing mechanism that is capable of fulfilling these requirements and is free of deadlocks. We will describe two basic concepts that can be used to implement deadlock-free routing. Routing of messages is closely related to buffering. We have organized the buffers into parallel FIFO's, each representing a virtual line. In this way, we not only have solved the problem of head of line blocking, but we can also give real-time guarantees. We will show that for local high-speed networks, it is more advantageous to have a proper flow control than to have large buffers. Although the virtual line concept can have a low buffer utilization, the transfer efficiency can be higher. The virtual line concept allows adaptive routing. The total throughput of the network can be improved by using alternative routes. Adaptive routing is attractive in networks where alternative routes are not much longer than the initial route(s). The network of the switching fabric is built up from switching elements interconnected in a Kautz topology

Virtual lines, a deadlock free and real-time routing mechanism for ATM networks

In this paper we present a routing mechanism and buffer allocation mechanism for an ATM switching fabric. Since the fabric will be used to transfer multimedia traffic it should provide a guaranteed throughput and a bounded latency. We focus on the design of a suitable routing mechanism that is capable to fulfil these requirements and is free of deadlocks. We will describe two basic concepts that can be used to implement deadlock free routing. Routing of messages is closely related to buffering. We have organized the buffers into parallel fifos, each representing a virtual line. In this way we not only have solved the problem of Head Of Line blocking, but we can also give real-time guarantees. We will show that for local high-speed networks it is more advantageous to have a proper flow control than to have large buffers. Although the virtual line concept can have a low buffer utilization, the transfer efficiency can be higher. The virtual lines concept allows adaptive routing. The total throughput of the network can be improved by using alternative routes. Adaptive routing is attractive in networks where alternative routes are not much longer than the initial route(s). The network of the switching fabric is built up from switching elements interconnected in a Kautz topology

Effects of macrobenthos on sediment-water oxygen and ammonium fluxes. Final Report.

Sediments are an important location in determining the fate of nutrients entering the estuary. Role of sediments needs to be incorporated into water quality models. Purpose of this study was to estimate the portion of sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) and sediment ammonium (NH4+) release directly attributable to benthic invertebrates via the respiratory use of oxygen and catabolic release of ammonium. Samples were collected at 8 locations from August 1985 through November 1988. (PDF contains 45 pages

The Study of Public Management in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Analysis of National Distinctiveness

This article presents an overview of the scientific study of public management, gathering together some of the most authoritative experts in this area of study in Europe and the United States. The national distinctiveness of the study of public management in various countries will be presented in the context of specific state and administration. It will be shown that not only the practice of public management reform, but also the academic study of public management is influenced by the particular institutional context of state, politics and administration

Oregon Wine Board Meeting Minutes September 11, 2012

These meeting minutes list individuals in attendance and missing at the September 11, 2012 Oregon Wine Board (OWB) meeting, held via conference call. Dewey Weddington provided a marketing update focused on planning for Oregon Wine Month and the Oregon Wine Industry Symposium. The meeting also included discussion of the 2011-2012 year-end financial review and a presentation of the budget for the following year. The meeting lasted 2 hours 6 minutes, and the Board went into Executive Session after the meeting was adjourned

Tertiary pegmatite dikes of the Central Alps

The largest field of Alpine Oligocene pegmatite dikes is in the Central Alps within the Southern Steep Belt (SSB) of the Alpine nappes; it extends for about 100 km in an E–W direction and 15 km in a N–S direction north of the Periadriatic Fault, from the Bergell pluton (to the east) to the Ossola valley (to the west). The pegmatite field geographically overlaps (1) the highest temperature domain of the Lepontine Barrovian metamorphic dome and (2) the zone of Alpine migmatization. We have studied pegmatites in two areas: (1) the Codera area on the western border of the Bergell pluton and (2) the Bodengo area between the Mera and the Mesolcina valleys. Most pegmatites show a simple mineral assemblage consisting of K-feldspar, quartz, and muscovite ± biotite, and only a minor percentage of the dikes (< 5%) contains Sn-Nb-Ta-Y-REE-U oxide, Y-REE phosphate, Mn-Fe-phosphate, Ti-Zr-silicate, Be-Y-REE-U-silicate and oxide minerals (beryl, chrysoberyl, bertrandite, bavenite, and milarite), garnet (almandine-spessartine), tourmaline (schorl to rare elbaite), bismuthinite, magnetite, and rarely dumortierite and helvite. The mineral assemblages, geological context, and chemical compositions allow the distinction between LCT (lithium, cesium, tantalum) and mixed LCT-NYF (niobium, yttrium, fluorine) pegmatites (with only one exception of an NYF dike in the Bodengo area). The LCT pegmatites of the Central Alps did not reach a high degree of geochemical evolution. The most fractionated pegmatites are found in the Codera area and contain Mn-rich elbaite, triplite, pink-beryl, and Cs-Rb-rich feldspar. In the Bodengo area pegmatites locally contain miarolitic cavities and the most evolved pegmatites correspond to the beryl-columbite-phosphate type. From a structural point of view two main types of pegmatites can be distinguished: (1) pegmatites that were involved in ductile deformation and (2) pegmatites that postdated the main ductile deformation of the SSB. Many pegmatites of the Codera valley belong to the first structural type: they were emplaced at relatively high ambient temperature (ca. 500 °C) and locally show a pervasive recrystallization of quartz and a mylonitic structure. The Codera dikes trend about 70° and are steeply dipping. In the Bodengo area the main set of pegmatites (trending approximately N–S to NNE–SSW) crosscuts the ductile deformation structures of the SSB, but the area also includes an earlier generation of boudinaged and folded pegmatite dikes. The undeformed pegmatites from this area may contain miarolitic pockets. There is no systematic difference in the mineral assemblage between the two structural types of pegmatites. However, the chemistry of pegmatite minerals, especially of garnet, in addition to field data suggests that the dikes of the Codera and Bodengo areas represent two distinct generations of pegmatites. Structural data and the few existing radiometric ages suggest that pegmatites were emplaced over a time span between 29 and 25 Ma (and possibly as young as 20 Ma), with the youngest dikes postdating the ductile deformations of the Alpine nappes. The present work presents a first comprehensive field description and geochemical – mineralogical characterization of the Alpine pegmatite field of the Central Alps

Analytical results for the confinement mechanism in QCD_3

We present analytical methods for investigating the interaction of two heavy quarks in QCD_3 using the effective action approach. Our findings result in explicit expressions for the static potentials in QCD_3 for long and short distances. With regard to confinement, our conclusion reflects many features found in the more realistic world of QCD_4.Comment: 24 pages, uses REVTe