Deteksi Virus Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut di Rumah Sakit (Studi Pendahuluan dengan Uji Fast-Track® Diagnostik)

Abstract Acute respiratory infections (ARI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and Indonesia. Information on the virus that causes ARI is still limited. The aim of this study was to detect the virus that causes ARI hospitalized cases in three sentinel surveillance hospitals of severe ARI. Laboratory testing of 30 nasal and throat swab specimens from ARI hospitalized cases at Deli Serdang Hospital, Wonosari Hospital and Kanudjoso Djati Hospital during August - September 2016. Laboratory testing were carried out at the Virology Laboratory of the Center for Biomedical Research and Development and Basic Health Technology. This research is a preliminary study using Fast-Track Diagnostics multiplex Real-time RT-PCR to detect 21 viruses. The viruses that have been detected are Human Metapneumovirus (21.2%), Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 (12.1%), Influenza B (6.1%), Human Coronavirus-OC43 (6.1%), Human CoronavirusNL63 (6.1%), Human Parainfluenza Virus 2 (3.0%), Human Rhinovirus (3.0%), and Human Adenovirus (3.0%). Of the 17 samples that tested positive for viruses, 14 of them were single cases of infection while the other three were cases of co-infection between Human Coronavirus-NL63 and Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human Metapneumovirus with Human Coronavirus-OC43, and Human Adenovirus with Human Rhinovirus. The most detected virus from ARI hospitalized cases are the Human Metapneumovirus. Abstrak Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA) merupakan penyakit menular yang menjadi penyebab utama 1 morbiditas dan mortalitas di dunia dan Indonesia. Informasi virus penyebab ISPA masih terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeteksi virus penyebab kasus ISPA rawat inap di tiga rumah sakit sentinel surveilans ISPA berat. Pemeriksaan pada 30 spesimen swab hidung dan tenggorok dari kasus ISPA rawat inap di RSUD Deli Serdang, RSUD Wonosari, dan RS Kanudjoso Djati selama bulan Agustus–September 2016. Pemeriksaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Virologi Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan menggunakan FastTrack Diagnostics multiplex Real-time RT-PCR untuk mendeteksi 21 virus. Virus-virus yang berhasil dideteksi adalah Human Metapneumovirus (21,2%). Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 (12,1%), Influenza B (6,1%), Human Coronavirus-OC43 (6,1%), Human Coronavirus-NL63 (6,1%), Human Parainfluenza Virus 2 (3,0%), Human Rhinovirus (3,0%), dan Human Adenovirus (3,0%). Dari 17 sampel yang dinyatakan positif mengandung virus, 14 diantaranya merupakan kasus infeksi tunggal sedangkan tiga lainnya merupakan kas us koinfeksi antara Human Coronavirus-NL63 dengan Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human Metapneumovirus dengan Human Coronavirus-OC43, dan Human Adenovirus dengan Human Rhinovirus. Virus yang paling banyak terdeteksi dari spesimen kasus ISPA rawat inap adalah Human Metapneumovirus

Ekspresi Relatif mRNA BRLF1 Epstein-Barr Virus dari Biopsi Jaringan Tumor dalam Blok Parafin sebagai Petanda Biologi Patogenesis Karsinoma Nasofaring

Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) merupakan tumor ganas pada sel epitel nasofaring dan merupakan penyakit multifaktor yang bersifat endemik. Tipe KNF tidak berdiferensiasi (KNF WHO-3) telah terbukti konsisten dengan infeksi EBV. Gen litik BRLF1 berperan sebagai mediator transisi dari fase laten menjadi litik. Pengukuran aktivitas mRNA EBV di lokasi tumor primer perlu dilakukan karena lebih mencerminkan patogenesis KNF yang  sesungguhnya dari pada diagnosis serologi dan pengukuran DNA EBV di sirkulasi darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai ekspresi relatif mRNA BRLF1 Epstein-Barr Virus pada beberapa tingkat stadium tumor penderita KNF sebagai  petanda biologi potensial dalam patogenesis KNF. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif yang berbentuk studi seran lintang. Sampel penelitian ini adalah biopsi jaringan tumor dalam blok parafin penderita KNF sebanyak 24 sampel. Sampel tersebut telah didiagnosis pasti sebagai KNF WHO-3 dari hasil pemeriksaan Patologi Anatomi pada Poli Patologi Anatomi, RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo, Purwokerto serta memenuhi kriteria inklusi sampel. Analisis statistik dilakukan untuk membandingkan ekspresi relatif mRNA BRLF1 stadium yang berbeda. Nilai ekspresi relatif mRNA BRLF1 EBV pada 24 sampel KNF berkisar 99,04415959-1097,496026. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan nilai ekspresi relatif mRNA BRLF1 EBV pada stadium awal (n = 5; 544,72420 + 142,614733) lebih tinggi 1,8 kali dibandingkan dengan stadium lanjut (n = 17; 395,68612 + 293,172201), namun peningkatan  ekspresi relatif mRNA BRLF1 EBV tidak bermakna secara statistik karena didapatkan nilai p=0,130 (p>0,05). Oleh karena itu, ekspresi relatif mRNA BRLF1 EBV dari biopsi jaringan tumor dalam blok parafin tidak berpotensi sebagai petanda biologi molekul patogenesis KNF, khususnya progresivitas tumor pada stadium lanjut KNF

Ekspresi mRNA LMP2A Epstein-Barr Virus dari Biopsi Jaringan dalam Blok Parafin Berpotensi sebagai Biomarka dalam Diagnosis Karsinoma Nasofaring

Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) merupakan tumor epitel yang terletak di nasofaring dan merupakan penyakit genetik multifaktor yang endemik. Penyebab utama KNF adalah infeksi oleh Virus Epstein-Barr (EBV). Keberadaan EBV pada penderita KNF dapat diketahui dengan ditemukannya DNA EBV dalam spesimen biopsi jaringan penderita KNF. Genom EBV dan ekspresi sebagian dari produk gen laten virus secara konsisten terdeteksi hampir di setiap sel dalam kanker ini, salah satunya adalah gen Latent Membrant Protein (LMP). Aktivitas mRNA EBV lebih mencerminkan patogenesis KNF yang  sesungguhnya dari pada diagnosis serologi dan pengukuran DNA EBV di sirkulasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium PA RSUD Margono Seokarjo, Purwokerto/Lab PA Fakultas Kedokteran dan laboratorium genetika/molekuler Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Purwokerto. Analisis Ekspresi mRNA LMP2A EBV dengan teknik one step RT-PCR dan produk RT-PCR (amplikon cDNA) divisualisasi dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa 1%. Hasil ekspresi mRNA LMP2A EBV adalah 27,3% (6 dari 22 sampel). Kesimpulan, metode one step RT-PCR dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis ekspresi mRNA LMP2A EBV dari sampel biopsi jaringan KNF dalam blok paraffin dan hasil positivitas ekspresi mRNA LMP2A EBV sedang, sehingga berpotensi digunakan sebagai petanda biologi molekul diagnosis KNF

Deteksi Gen Litik BRLF1 Epstein-Barr Virus pada Penderita Karsinoma Nasofaring

Rosenmuller fossa. Epithelial malignancy is often found in Chinese populations and Southeast Asia including Indonesia. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC WHO-3) type is 100% associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Bam-HI R Leftward Reading Frame 1 (BRLF1) lytic gene has an important function as a transition mediator of latent phase to the lytic phase in EBV cycle. Detection of BRLF1 gene by PCR can be used for NPC diagnosis. The aim of this study is to identify BRLF1 lytic genes as molecular markers of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with conventional PCR method and to determine the sensitivity of conventional PCR method to detect BRLF1 gene. The research design was cross sectional study. A total of 22 DNA samples were isolated from venous blood of NPC patients from RSUD Prof dr Margono Soekarjo, Purwokerto with informed consent. BRLF1 gene identification is done with conventional PCR technique. The results of this research showed that BRLF1 genes as molecular markers lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients can be identified conventional PCR technique that will produced DNA 157 bp. BRLF1 gene was detected in 16 samples (72.73%) of 22 samples of this study

The Effect Of Ethanol Extract From Lingzhi Fungi (Ganoderma Lucidum) Cianjur Isolate On Syndecan-1 Expressions In Kb CCL17 Oral Cancer Cell: Efek Ekstrak Ethanol Dari Jamur Lingzhi (Ganoderma Lucidum) Isolat Cianjur Terhadap Ekspresi Syndecan-1 Pada Sel Kanker Rongga Mulut Kb Ccl-17

Intercellular adhesion plays a role in cancer formation and protein has a key potential in maintaining cell adhesion, including syndecan-1. Meanwhile, oral cancer originates from the oral epithelium, which has an invasive and metastatic level. Its treatments involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy commonly leave unfavorable side effects, hence, suitable alternatives are needed. Natural ingredients are widely used as an alternative treatment for cancer, for example, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) which has anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic properties, induces apoptosis, stimulates an immune response, inhibits the degradation of Extracellular matrix (ECM), reduces inflammation, affects cell cycles, cytotoxic, and acts as an antioxidant.This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract from Ganoderma lucidum Cianjur isolate on syndecan-1 expression in KB CCL-17 oral cell cancer. This was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design, the treatment group used G. lucidum ethanol extract with a concentration of 2.12 μg/ml (P1), 4.24 μg/ml (P2), and 8.49 μg/ml (P3), while the positive control group used cisplatin with a concentration of 11.5 μg/ml (K1). In contrast, the negative control used aquadest (K0), while syndecan-1 expression was observed using the immunohistochemical examination.The highest syndecan-1 expansion rate was found in the treatment group with a concentration of 8.49 μg/ml. A significant difference was indicated by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) between K0 - K1, K0 - P1, K0 - P2, K0 - P3, K1 - P1, K1 - P2, K1 - P3, P1 - P2, as well as P1 and P3. The administration of ethanol extract from G. lucidum Cianjur isolate increases syndecan-1 expression in KB CCL-17 oral cell cancer

Risk factors for acute otitis media in primary school children: a case-control study in Central Java, Indonesia

Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common disease in young children requiring antibiotic treatment. Information on AOM-related determinant risk factors in primary school children is still limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to identify risk factors related to AOM in primary school children in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.Design and Methods: This is an analytical study with a case-control design in Banyumas Regency, Indonesia. 3574 children from 6 regions of the Banyumas Regency were recruited for the screening of AOM detection, and confirmation of AOM diagnosis was determined by Otolaryngologist. One hundred and twenty-five cases and 125 control were involved in this study. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire focusing on several variables such as household cooking fuel, house environment, smoking exposure, knowledge of parents, and nutrition status. Univariate, bivariate using chi-square and multivariate with regression logistic was conducted for data analysis. Results: This study highlights the risk of household firewood use (p=0.003), poor nutritional status (p=0.009), and a family history of ear infections (p=0.015) with an increased risk of otitis media.Conclusions: Household firewood use, poor nutritional status and family history of ear infection are factors associated with the occurrence of acute otitis media. It is necessary to provide public health education to prevent exposure to fuel at risk for children and to improve their nutritional status

Keragaman Morfologi Bakteri Nitrifikasi Asal Kompos Kotoran Domba pada Peternakan Domba dengan Sistem Bedding

The application of compost bedding system on sheep farm is a technology to minimize the negative impact of sheep manure waste toward environment. The microorganisms which inhabit the compost bedding, especially nitrifying bacteria are expected to have significant role in odor emission reduction which become environmental problem around the sheep farm. This study aims to analyze the abundance and diversity of nitrifying bacteria of compost bedding obtained from sheep farm which have important role in reducing odor emission of ammonia. The 12 days, 1 and 1,5 months old of compost bedding samples were obtained from sheepfold, while 3 and 4 months old of compost samples were obtained from compost pile. Furthermore, nitrifying bacteria were isolated from compost samples by pour plate method using specific media for Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. The results indicated that compost bedding samples with different composting time duration displayed different abundance and diversity of nitrifying bacteria. The current study was successfully isolated 39 and 47 nitrifying bacterial isolates using specific media for Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas, respectively. The highest diversity of nitrifying bacteria was gained from 12 days old compost bedding sample. Nitrifying bacterial isolates from compost bedding samples have significant role in odor emission declining as well as manure composting at sheep farm. The obtained bacterial isolates are also potentially to develop as bio-activator for compost bedding

Prevalence of Streptococcus Pneumonia and Haemophillus Influenza in primary school children that diagnosed acute otitis media

Acute otitis media (AOM) remains a disease that cause major public health problem worldwide. Less information about its prevalence in Indonesia, especially in Java.  The most common bacterial causes of AOM are Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. There is increasing evidence that the predominant causative pathogen in AOM is changing from Streptococcus pneumoniae to non-typeable Haemophilus influenza since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophillus influenzae in AOM in primary school children in Banyumas Regency. The design of this study was cross sectional and we conducted multistage random sampling to recruit the subject. Approximately 3,574 school children in Urban Banyumas Regency were screened based on the diagnose of AOM by Otolaryngologist. The resultof this study showed that the prevalence of AOM was 4,64 % (166 children were diagnosed with AOM).  In AOM samples, the prevalence of  Streptococcus pneumonia  was found in 78,4 % by optochin test, while that of Haemophillus influenzae was found in 70,4% based on the need of  X and V facto

Detection Moleculer Of Putative 18S rRNA Gen Protozoa Trichodina sp. Infected Larvae Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy L) in Balai Benih Ikan Kutasari Purbalingga Central Java

Trichodina spp. are ectoparasitic pathogens of ciliata group that commonly infect both freshwater and marine fish, including gouramy fish. As a result of infection of Trichodina spp. this will lead to inhibition of fish growth and decreased fish production, resulting in low fish selling value. The rate of occurrence of Trichodina spp. that infects gurami can reach 100%. Research has been conducted to determine which one Trichodina spp. Protozoa that infects the gouramy seeds of BBI (Fish Seed Center) Kutasari Purbalingga following detection of 18S RNA gene. Gene detection method used in this research is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique of DNA synthesis and amplification in vitro. This research is done following these methodes: (1) sampling of Gurami fish with purposive sampling which obtained from BBI Kutasari Purbalingga, (2) isolation of Trichodina spp., (3). Preparation of Trichodina spp. sample and its identification, and (4). Molecular character obervation following detection of 18S rRNA gene. This study obtained 10% percentage of detection of 18S rRNA genes of the species of Trichodina paraheterodentata that infect on the gouramy fish of Purbalingga. The percentage rate of detection of these genes is low when compared with the results of the detection of 18S rRNA Trichodina paraheterodentata gene that infects gouramy fish in Banjarnegara

Identifikasi Serotipe dan Sensitivitas Antibiotik S. pneumoniae yang Dibawa Nasofaring Penderita Oma di Kabupaten Banyumas

The aims of this study are to detect S. pneumoniae carried by nasopharnyx of children in primary school (aged 6-12 years) that diagnosed with AOM, to identify sensitivity of S. pneumoniae to antibiotics. The design of this study is nonexperimental survey with the descriptive analysis. Sampling was conducted in September - December 2018 in Banyumas district primary schools. Detection of S. pneumoniae was performed with microbiology methods. Meanwhile, serotype was determined by multiplex PCR and sensitivity to antibiotics was deduced using disc diffusion. The result of this study showed that carriage rate of S. pneumoniae carried by nasopharynx in children aged over 5 years that diagnosed with AOM in the Banyumas district was 35%. Serotype of S. pneumoniae obtainend from this study were 6A/6B, 6C/6D, 17F, 3, 13, 14, 23B, and untypeable. In addition, isolates of S. pneumoniae were highly susceptible to clindamycin (100%), erythromycin (100%), sulphametaxazole/trimethoprim (100%), chloramphenicol (88%), oxacillin (77%), and tetracycline (66%).  Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeteksi S. pneumoniae yang dibawa oleh nasofaring anak-anak penderita OMA usia sekolah dasar (6-12 tahun). Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian survei noneksperimental dengan metode analisis deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bulan September 2018 hingga Desember 2018 di SD Kabupaten Banyumas. Deteksi S. pneumoniae pada sampel OMA dapat dilakukan melalui metode identifikasi S. pneumoniae secara mikrobiologi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah S. pneumoniae yang dibawa oleh nasofaring anak-anak penderita OMA di wilayah kabupaten Banyumas adalah sebanyak 9 dari 26 sampel OMA