Taushet som grunnlag for bortfall av erstatning etter uberettiget straffeforfølgning. En analyse av straffeprosessloven § 446, med særlig fokus på om det bør inntas et vilkår om skyld og årsakssammenheng

Postponed access: the file will be accessible after 2023-12-10MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJURMAJUR-

Measurement of the WWγWW\gamma gauge boson couplings in ppˉp\bar{p} Collisions at s=1.8\sqrt{s}=1.8 TeV

The $WW\gamma$ gauge boson couplings were measured using $p\bar{p}\to \ell\nu\gamma+X$ ($\ell=e,\mu$) events at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV observed with the {D\O} detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The signal, obtained from the data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $13.8 {\rm pb}^{-1}$, agrees well with the Standard Model prediction. A fit to the photon transverse energy spectrum yields limits at the 95% confidence level on the CP--conserving anomalous coupling parameters of $-1.6<\Delta\kappa<1.8$ ($\lambda$ = 0) and $-0.6<\lambda<0.6$ ($\Delta\kappa$ = 0).Comment: 16pages (14pages + 2figure pages) Uses ReVTEX Two postscript files for figures will follow immediatel

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Development of novel supramolecular framework materials based on organic salts

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to design ionic organic framework materials based on carboxylate salts with the intention of engineering interesting properties, such as porosity, into these framework materials. The first section focuses on the characterisation and porosity studies of an ionic framework material, 3,4-lutidinium pamoate hemihydrate, with THF-filled channels in the solid state. It was shown that this framework is able to exchange the THF in the channels for a wide variety of compounds, with many of these exchanges occurring in a single-crystal to single-crystal fashion. Competition experiments conducted with the framework, both by immersing crystals of the framework in solvent mixtures, as well as by exposing crystals of the framework to mixtures of solvent vapours, indicated that it is able to selectively exchange for one guest over another. The kinetics of exchange of this framework were studied, and it was possible to identify a kinetic model describing this process. A second novel framework-type material, 4-phenylpyridinium pamoate, was identified during the course of this study, as well as five isostructural frameworks containing different guest molecules. In this case the framework consists of discrete units that close-pack in such a way that guest molecules are included in constricted cavities in the solid state. Although this framework-type material is not porous, it is thermally quite stable and also highly selective. It is able to selectively encapsulate 1,4-dioxane when crystallised from various solvent combinations including 1,4-dioxane. In addition, eight novel structures with pamoic acid in combination with various pyridyl derivatives were obtained. A third novel framework material was obtained with N,N'-bis(glycinyl)pyromellitic diimide in which, due to the extended hydrogen-bonded network formed between the constituents of the framework, DMF molecules are aligned in channels. It was found that this framework material can also be formed by mechanochemical synthesis, and investigation of the thermal behaviour of this framework showed that it has the potential to be porous, since the framework appears to remain intact after desolvation. Furthermore, six novel structures with N,N'- bis(glycinyl)pyromellitic diimide in combination with various N-heterocycles were obtained. All structures obtained in this study were also further analysed to determine whether there are particular structural features that are required for framework formation. Insights gained from these investigations, in terms of degree of ionisation of the anion, packing arrangements and hydrogen bonding patterns as well as the molecular shape of the components are discussed.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die werk wat in hierdie tesis voorgelê word is om ioniese organiese raamwerkmateriale gebaseer op karboksilaatione te ontwerp, met die voorneme om interessante eienskappe in hierdie materiale te bewerkstellig. Die eerste afdeling fokus op die karakterisering en porositeit van ‘n ioniese organiese raamwerkmateriaal, 3,4-lutidiniumpamoaathemihidraat, wat kanale gevul met tetrahidrofuraan (THF) besit. Dit is aangetoon dat dit moontlik is vir hierdie raamwerkmateriaal om die THF in die kanale te verruil vir ‘n wye verskeidenheid stowwe, waarvan baie van hierdie uitruilings geskied as ‘n enkelkristal tot enkelkristal transformasie. Kompetisie-eksperimente is met hierdie raamwerkmateriaal uitgevoer deur die kristalle in mengsels van oplosmiddels te onderdompel, sowel as deur die kristalle aan mengsels van die oplosmiddeldampe bloot te stel. Die resultate het aangedui dat dit moontlik is vir hierdie raamwerkmateriaal om een gasstof selektief teenoor ‘n ander te verruil vir die THF in die kanale. Die kinetika van die uitruilingsproses van hierdie materiaal is ook bestudeer en dit was moontlik om ‘n kinetiese model te identifiseer wat die uitruilingsproses beskryf. ‘n Tweede nuwe raamwerk-tipe materiaal, 4-fenielpiridiniumpamoaat, is deur die loop van hierdie studie geïdentifiseer, sowel as vyf isostrukturele raamwerkmateriale waarvan net die gasstof verskil. In hierdie geval bestaan die raamwerk uit diskrete eenhede wat op so ‘n wyse saampak dat die gasstowwe in vernoude porieë ingesluit word. Alhoewel hierdie raamwerk-tipe materiaal nie poreus is nie, is dit termies stabiel en ook hoogs selektief. Die raamwerkmateriaal kan selektief 1,4-dioksaan enkapsuleer wanneer dit gekristalliseer word vanuit ‘n verskeidenheid oplosmiddel kombinasies met 1,4-dioksaan. Verder is agt nuwe strukture verkry met die pamoaat ioon in kombinasie met ‘n verskeidenheid piridien-derivate. ‘n Derde nuwe raamwerkmateriaal is verkry met N,N'-bis(glisiniel)piromellitiese diïmied waarin, danksy die uitgebreide waterstofgebinde netwerk tussen die komponente van die raamwerk, die DMF molekules in kanale aangetref word. Hierdie raamwerkmateriaal kan deur meganochemiese sintese berei word en verdere ondersoek na die termiese gedrag van hierdie raamwerkmateriaal dui aan dat dit die potensiaal het om porositeit te toon, aangesien die raamwerk behoue bly nadat die DMF molekules verwyder is. Ses nuwe strukture is ook met N,N'-bis(glisiniel)piromellitiese diïmied in kombinasie met ‘n wye verskeidenheid stikstof-bevattende heterosikliese verbindings verkry. Alle strukture wat tydens hierdie studie verkry is, is verder ondersoek om te bepaal of daar spesifieke strukturele kenmerke is wat benodig word vir die vorming van raamwerkmateriale. Insigte wat verkry is vanuit hierdie ondersoeke, in terme van die graad van ionisasie van die anioon, die rangskikking van molekules in die struktuur en waterstofbindingspatrone, sowel as die molekulêre vorm van die komponente, word bespreek

Investigation into co-crystal formation with cyclophosphazenes

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aimed to combine the principles of crystal engineering with the properties of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives to construct supramolecular assemblies in the solid state. The ease with which the chloro substituents on cyclotriphosphazenes can be replaced makes them ideal candidates for this study. The substituents were chosen for their ability to form either hydrogen bonding interactions or halogen bonding interactions in the solid state. The cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were co-crystallised with various small organic molecules with complementary functional groups, as well as with other cyclophosphazene derivatives. The aim was to form co-crystals or solvates with these cyclophosphazene derivatives as co-crystals contain a wealth of information regarding the forces governing the aggregation of molecules in the solid state. Cyclotriphosphazenes, with their array of substituents, could broaden the range of potential interactions governing crystalline assembly. Fifteen cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were synthesised and characterised in this study. The novel crystal structures of two cyclotriphosphazene derivatives have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. These are 2,2-bis(4-formylphenoxy)-4,4,6,6-bis[spiro(2',2"-dioxy-1',1"-biphenylyl)]cyclotriphosphazene and hexakis(4-cyano-phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene. In the course of this study two novel polymorphs of hexakis(4-fluorophenoxy)cyclotri-phosphazene were identified and studied. The novel triclinic form undergoes an irreversible transformation to the previously reported monoclinic phase at high temperatures. The reported monoclinic phase, however, transforms to a monoclinic C phase in a single-crystal to single-crystal fashion. It is also suspected that this phase transformation is in fact reversible on cooling of the crystal to temperatures below -45 °C. One novel co-crystal structure of hexakis(4-pyridyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene with terephthalic acid was identified and characterised. However, analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database indicates that co-crystal formation with cyclophosphazenes is not a commonly occurring phenomenon. This leads to the conclusion that cyclotriphosphazenes can be used in crystal engineering as supramolecular building blocks, but their shape and size tend to inhibit the formation of co-crystals. Therefore co-crystal formers have to be chosen with great care.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die beginsels van kristalingenieurswese te kombineer met die eienskappe van siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides om sodoende supramolekulêre versamelings in die vastetoestand te bou. Die gemak waarmee die chloor substituente op die siklotrifosfaseenring vervang kan word, maak hierdie molekules ideaal vir hierdie studie. Die substituente is gekies op grond van hul potensiaal om waterstofbindings of intermolekulêre halogeenbindings in die vastetoestand te vorm. Ko-kristallisasie eksperimente is met die siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides en verskeie klein organiese molekules met komplementêre funksionele groepe uitgevoer, asook tussen die verskeie siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides met mekaar. Die doel was om mede-kristalle of solvate met hierdie siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides te vorm aangesien mede-kristalle ‘n magdom inligting bevat rakende die kragte wat die versameling van molekules in die vaste fase beheer. Die siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides wat ‘n wye verskeidenheid substituente kan dra, kan hierdeur die moontlike intermolekulêre interaksies wat die versameling in die kristallyne vaste fase beheer verbreed. In hierdie studie is vyftien siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides gesintetiseer en gekarakteriseer. Die voorheen onbekende kristalstrukture van twee siklotrifosfaseen afgeleides is in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer, naamlik 2,2-bis(4-formielfenoksie)-4,4,6,6-bis[spiro(2',2"-dioksie-1',1"-bifeniliel)]siklotrifosfaseen en heksa(4-sianofenoksie)siklotrifosfaseen. Die strukture is bepaal deur enkelkristal X-straaldiffraksie. In die loop van hierdie studie is twee voorheen onbekende polimorfs van heksa(4-fluorofenoksie)siklotrifosfaseen geïdentifiseer en bestudeer. Die nuwe trikliniese vorm ondergaan ‘n onomkeerbare faseverandering na die monokliniese vorm by hoë temperature. Die bekende monokliniese P fase ondergaan egter ‘n verdere faseverandering na ‘n monokliniese C fase. Hierdie geskied as ‘n enkel-kristal na ‘n enkel-kristal faseverandering. Daar word ook gespekuleer dat hierdie spesifieke faseverandering wel omkeerbaar is indien die kristal na -45 °C afgekoel word. Een nuwe mede-kristal tussen heksa(4-pyridieloksie)sikotrifosfaseen en 1,3-dibensoësuur is in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer en gekarakteriseer. ‘n Analise van die Cambridge Strukturele Databasis het egter aangedui dat die vorming van mede-kristalle nie ‘n alledaagse verskynsel is in sikotrifosfaseen afgeleides nie. Dit lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat sikotrifosfaseen molekules wel in kristalingenieurswese gebruik kan word as supramolekulêre boustene, maar dat die vorm en grootte van die molekules die kristallisering van mede-kristalle verhoed. Dus moet die molekules wat saam met die siklotrifosfaseen molekules gekristalliseer wil word, goed deurdink word

Lack of co-crystal formation with cyclotriphosphazenes : a cautionary tale

CITATION: Wahl, H., Haynes, D. A. & Le Roex, T. 2016. Lack of co-crystal formation with cyclotriphosphazenes : a cautionary tale. South African Journal of Chemistry, 69:35–43, doi:10.17159/0379-4350/2016/v69a5.The original publication is available at http://www.scielo.org.zaENGLISH ABSTRACT: The attempted formation of co-crystals with a series of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives has been investigated. Despite numerous attempts, only one co-crystal was obtained. The crystal structure of this material, [hexakis(4-pyridyloxy)-cyclotriphosphazene][ terephthalic acid]2.5, is presented here. The crystal structures of 2,2-bis(4-formylphenoxy)-4,4,6,6-bis[spiro(2’,2”-dioxy- 1’,1”-biphenylyl]cyclo-triphosphazene and hexakis(4-cyanophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene are also reported for the first time. The extremely low rate of co-crystal occurrence in these materials cannot be explained, despite the consideration of several possibilities. This serves as a cautionary tale – co-crystal formation is not necessarily straightforward.http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0379-43502016000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enPublisher's versio

Partizipation im Multi-Log - ein Instrument zum Austausch von Wissenschaft, Fachkräften und Expert:innen aus Erfahrung

Für die Weiterentwicklung und das Verständnis von partizipativer Forschung werden international neue und kritische Formate der Repräsentation und des Austauschs von und zwischen den Beteiligten gesucht. Bereits bestehende Techniken wie Hakathons, Bar Camps, Transformative Dialoge oder der „Victorian Calling“-Ansatz werden genutzt, um Akteure aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen, Professionen und Praxisfeldern miteinander in Austausch zu bringen. Auf der Suche nach neuen Methoden des Selbstverständnisses und der Kommunikation partizipativer Forschung wurde im Rahmen des deutschsprachigen Netzwerks für partizipative Gesundheitsforschung (PartNet) der Multi-Log-Ansatz entwickelt. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, den Multi-Log als ein Instrument vorzustellen, das die Darstellung und den Austausch unterschiedlicher Perspektiven und Positionen von Beteiligten an Gesundheitsförderungs- und Präventionsprojekten systematisch ermöglicht und damit das Potenzial hat, transformatives Lernen zu fördern. Anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen werden die Multi-Log-Methode und ihre möglichen Auswirkungen auf die partizipative Forschung vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert. Diese Methode strebt danach, unterschiedliche Perspektiven, Wissensformen und Erfahrungen von Expert:innen aus Erfahrung, Wissenschaftler:innen und Fachkräften in den Austausch zu bringen, ohne auf deren Synthese hinzuarbeiten. Durch die Einbindung von so genannten Perspektiv-Wächter:innen, z.B. aus der Praxis, politischen oder administrativen Institutionen, hat der Multi-Log das Potential, divergierende Sichtweisen zu ordnen und Raum für Reflexion und gegenseitiges Lernen zu schaffen. Auf diese Weise schafft das Vorgehen Möglichkeiten für die Artikulation unterschiedlicher Wissensformen, Erfahrungen und Perspektiven, mit dem Ergebnis, dass die Begegnung zur katalytischen Validität der Ergebnisse beiträgt.For the further development and understanding of participatory research, new and critical formats of representation and exchange by and between participants are being sought internationally. Existing techniques such as Hakathons, Bar Camps, Transformative Dialogues or the "Victorian Calling" approach are used to bring actors from different disciplines, professions and fields of practice into exchange with each other. In the search for new methods of self-understanding and communication of participatory research, the multi-log approach was developed within the German-speaking network for participatory health research (PartNet). The aim of this article is to present the Multi-Log as a tool that systematically enables the representation and exchange of different perspectives and positions of participants in health promotion and prevention projects and thus has the potential to promote transformative learning. Using two case studies, the Multi-Log method and its potential impact on participatory research will be presented and critically discussed. This method strives to bring different perspectives, forms of knowledge and experiences of experts from experience, scientists and professionals into exchange without working towards their synthesis. By involving so-called “perspective guardians”, e.g. from practice, political or administrative institutions, the Multi-Log has the potential to order divergent perspectives and to create space for reflection and mutual learning. In this way, the procedure creates opportunities for the articulation of different forms of knowledge, experiences, and perspectives, with the result that the encounter contributes to the catalytic validity of the results

Guest Exchange in a Robust Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework: Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Exchange and Kinetic Studies

The salt 3,4-lutidinium pamoate crystallizes as its hemihydrate, forming a hydrogen-bonded organic framework with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a guest in channels in the structure (<b>1·THF</b>). Extensive investigation has shown this framework to be highly robust: the THF in the channels can be exchanged for 20 different compounds, with 13 of these exchanges occurring in a single-crystal to single-crystal manner. The THF can also be exchanged for the volatile solids pyrazine or iodine, both via single-crystal to single-crystal transformations. Stepwise exchange of solvents is also possible, with a sequence of five exchanges occurring before the crystals begin to deteriorate. Investigation of the kinetics of exchange in <b>1·THF</b> revealed that exchange occurs according to a deceleratory kinetic model for contracting volume

Selectivity Behavior of a Robust Porous Organic Salt Based on the Pamoate Ion

The selectivity of a porous hydrogen-bonded framework, <b>1</b>, toward various solvent mixtures has been investigated. Framework <b>1</b>, which is the hydrate of 3,4-lutidinium pamoate, crystallizes as its THF solvate, <b>1·THF</b>. Solvent exchange can take place either by exposing crystals of <b>1·THF</b> to solvent vapors or by immersing the crystals in a solvent. Framework <b>1</b> shows preferential inclusion of particular solvents when exposed to mixed solvent vapors, or to mixed solvents in the liquid form. Analysis showed that solvents are included in the same ratios when exposed to mixed solvents in the liquid or vapor phase, despite the significant differences in mole ratios between the liquid and vapor phases due to the different vapor pressures of the solvents investigated. In some cases, when immersed in solvent mixtures containing acetonitrile or acetone, <b>1·THF</b> recrystallizes as an acetonitrile or acetone solvate of 3,4-lutidinium pamoate. The crystal structures of these two new solvates are also reported