Time-course effects of carbendazim in the infundibulum of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The present study was undertaken to establish the long-term effect of a single dose of carbendazim in the tubular region of the infundibulum of Japanese quail using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. At a dose of 400mg/kg bodyweight, carbendazim in sunflower oil base was administered orally to mature Japanese quails. The control group received the oil base only. The effects of carbendazim on ultrastructural features of infundibulum were examined in spatial temporal periods post-exposure. At SEM level, loos of cilia were observed from 5 days post-exposure. At TEM level, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, swollen mitochondria, dilated RER cisternae, increased number of lysosomes and vacuoles were observed from 24 hours post-exposure. Compound cilia and loos of striated rootlets were also observed. Thickening and duplication of the basal lamina were identified from 12 days postexposure. These results suggest oviductal regression due to carbendazim toxicity and signs of epithelial recovery at later stages post-exposure.Keywords: Carbendazim, infundibulum, degeneration, electron microscopy, Japanese quai

Morphological changes in the sperm storage tubules of the Japanese quail exposed to methy-2-benzimidazole carbamate

The current investigation was an attempt to establish the effect of various doses of methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim®) on the morphology of the Sperm Storage Tubules (SST) in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Carbendazim® in sunflower oil base was administered orally at doses of 0mg/kg (control), 25mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight. Tissue samples from Uterovaginal junction were processed for both light (LM) and Transmission electron (TEM) microscopic study following standard procedures. The result showed that, at LM level, no histopathological changes were observed at a dose of 25mg/kg b.w.t. A significant decrease in SST width and luminal diameters was observed at doses of 100mg/kg and 400mg/kg b.w.t (p < 0.05). In addition, doses of 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg b.w.t caused leukocytic infiltration and hyperaemia in the lamina propria-submucosa. At these doses SST were devoid of spermatozoa. TEM results showed pyknosis, swollen mitochondria, vacuolation and increased number of lysosomes in degenerating SST. The observed morphological changes indicate the ability of carbendazim to disrupt structural integrity of SST as well as its storage capacity. This poses a great threat to the fertility of exposed birds and thus care must be taken to reduce environmental contamination.Keywords: Carbendazim, histopathology, ultrastructure, Sperm storage tubules, Japanese quai

ANALISIS TURUNNYA TEKANAN UDARA BILAS PADA MESIN INDUK DI MV. WAKABA

ABSTRACT Sigit Wahabu, 2019, NIT: 52155846 T, “"Analysis of the decrease in air pressure rinsing on the main engine in MV. Wakaba”, final project Technical study program, Program Diploma IV, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Advisor I: Mustoliq, M.M., M.Mar.E, Advisor II: Capt. Arika Palapa, M.Si, M.Mar. The main engine is a machine that functions to convert mechanical power into a driving force for a ship's propeller so that the ship can move. One of the supporting instruments for the main engine to operate optimally is the turbocharger, which the fuction is to increase engine power and efficiency by increasing the preasure of the rins air entering the cylinder of the main engine. The research method that the writer used is the method of descriptive qualitative, which discribing and explaining the object of the research. The objectives of this study are to 1) analyze the decreasing factor of air pressure rinse on the main engine, 2) the impact that occurs when the air pressure on the main engine decreases, 3) efforts made to prevent the decrease of air pressure on the main engine. The results obtained from this study indicate that the cause of the decreased pressure of the rinse air on the main engine is the lack of precision between the bearing and the bearing housing in the turbocharger, there is no maintenance which is in accordance with the planned maintenance system in the turbocharger. The way to optimize the problems above are to ensure the alignment of the bearing using dial gauge, maintain the turbocharger periodically to produce the optimal intake air pressure of the main engine cylinder. ABSTRAKSI Sigit Wahabu, 2019, NIT: 52155846 T, “Analisis turunnya tekanan udara bilas pada mesin iduk di MV. Wakaba”, skripsi Program Studi Teknika, Program Diploma IV, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Pembimbing I: Mustoliq, M.M., M.Mar.E, Pembimbing II: Capt. Arika Palapa, M.Si, M.Mar. Mesin Induk adalah suatu mesin yang berfungsi untuk mengubah tenaga mekanik menjadi tenaga pendorong bagi propeller kapal agar kapal dapat bergerak. Salah satu instrumen penunjang untuk mesin induk agar dapat beroperasi dengan optimal adalah turbocharger, yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan tenaga dan efisiensi mesin dengan meningkatkan tekanan udara bilas yang masuk ke dalam silinder mesin induk. Metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu dengan cara menggambarkan dan menguraikan objek yang diteliti. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah 1)menganalisis faktor menurunya tekanan udara bilas pada mesin induk, 2)dampak yang terjadi apabila tekanan udara pada mesin induk menurun, 3)upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencegah menurunnya tekanan udara pada mesin induk. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penyebab menurunya tekanan udara bilas pada mesin induk adalah tidak presisinya antara bearing dan rumah bearing pada turbocharger, tidak dilaksanakanya perawatan yang sesuai planned maintenance system pada turbocharger. Cara mengoptimalkan permasalahan di atas adalah memastikan kelurusan bearing menggunakan dial gauge, melakukan perawatan secara periodik/berkala terhadap turbocharger agar menghasilkan tekanan udara masuk silinder mesin induk optimal

Qualitative discussion about reducing grain postharvest loss with mobile storage in Ghana, West Africa

Farming sustainably and protecting gross harvest production correctly provides growers with “health care, school fees and peace-of-mind” (net benefits). Reducing Postharvest and input loss sustains the components of agriculture’s triple-bottom-line which are “accessible nutrition, reduced green-house emissions, and foreign exchange reserves”. Lacking storage that stops grain PHL, agriculture suffers critical problems like the Aspergillus fungi that leaves grain contaminated with invisible aflatoxin that growers cannot consume or market. The objective of the Ghana pilot study was to understand why new ideas/findings like, applying biologicals to the soil before harvest, gross production inputs, virtual markets and especially the spread of stationary grain warehouses have failed to improve the net benefits of farming or agricultures’ triple-bottomline in sub-Saharan Africa. Qualitative comparison methods were used to identify roadblocks to improvement as scientific monitoring and storage eliminate grain Postharvest loss on the drylands in many parts of the world. Observations suggest net benefits are being ignored as reviews and assessments of primitive or council storage exchange scientific rigor for Stationary Warehouse Prejudice. Scientific rigor illuminates how the qualitative cost of aflatoxin, and quantitative expense of pests, recycling plastic, and empty stationary warehouses impact enduser- cost per unit stored per month. We conclude that Postharvest loss is expensive, and that relatively inexpensive mobile metal storage assets would improve net benefits and the triple-bottom-line.Farming sustainably and protecting gross harvest production correctly provides growers with “health care, school fees and peace-of-mind” (net benefits). Reducing Postharvest and input loss sustains the components of agriculture’s triple-bottom-line which are “accessible nutrition, reduced green-house emissions, and foreign exchange reserves”. Lacking storage that stops grain PHL, agriculture suffers critical problems like the Aspergillus fungi that leaves grain contaminated with invisible aflatoxin that growers cannot consume or market. The objective of the Ghana pilot study was to understand why new ideas/findings like, applying biologicals to the soil before harvest, gross production inputs, virtual markets and especially the spread of stationary grain warehouses have failed to improve the net benefits of farming or agricultures’ triple-bottomline in sub-Saharan Africa. Qualitative comparison methods were used to identify roadblocks to improvement as scientific monitoring and storage eliminate grain Postharvest loss on the drylands in many parts of the world. Observations suggest net benefits are being ignored as reviews and assessments of primitive or council storage exchange scientific rigor for Stationary Warehouse Prejudice. Scientific rigor illuminates how the qualitative cost of aflatoxin, and quantitative expense of pests, recycling plastic, and empty stationary warehouses impact enduser- cost per unit stored per month. We conclude that Postharvest loss is expensive, and that relatively inexpensive mobile metal storage assets would improve net benefits and the triple-bottom-line

An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of the ovary of the immature ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The aim of this study was to investigate the components of the ovary in the sexually immature ostrich by using immunohistochemistry, light microscopy and electron microscopy. The light and electron microscopic studies carried out, revealed that the oocyte in the sexually immature ostrich is surrounded by seven layers which included the zona radiata,lamina perivitellina, stratum granulosum, basal lamina, thecal layers (theca interna and theca externa), connective tissue layer and superficial epithelium (see details in Chapter Two and Three). Several morphological and immunohistochemical changes occurred as the follicles developed and regressed, suggesting that ovarian follicles in the sexually immature ostrich undergo a cycle of growth and degeneration as reported in other avian species. In the present study, thecal gland cells in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich were common. In addition, interstitial gland cells were a notable feature in atretic follicles as described in the ovary of the crow, common myna and dove (Guraya and Chalana, 1976). Further investigations on the interstitial gland cells will provide an insight into the process of steroidogenesis in the sexually immature ostrich. As discussed in Chapter five, various cells in the ovary showed immunoreactivity to oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors. These observations indicated that the ovarian tissue in the sexually immature ostrich is a potential target for gonadal hormones. Thus, it can be assumed that steroid hormones regulate ovarian functions in the ostrich. The use of immunohistochemical procedures proved to be an excellent method to investigate the distribution of nerves in the ovary. The results of this study have shown that the ovary in the sexually immature ostrich is well-innervated. However, further studies are required to differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibres.Dissertation (MSc(Anatomy and Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005.Anatomy and Physiologyunrestricte

Histomorphometrical and ultrastructural study of the effects of carbendazim on the magnum of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The study investigated the effect of various doses of carbendazim on the morphology of the magnum of the Japanese quail. No morphological changes were observed in the magnum in birds treated with carbendazim at doses of 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg bodyweight. A carbendazim dose of 400 mg/kg bodyweight was the lowest dose which caused morphological changes in the magnum. Histologically, carbendazim caused pyknosis and glandular atrophy in the magnum mucosa. Carbendazim also caused significant decreases in the height of the mucosal folds, epithelial height, glandular width and glandular luminal diameter at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg (p < 0.05). At ultrastructural level, dose-dependent deciliation was observed. Pyknotic nuclei, dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, numerous vacuoles and lysosomes in the luminal and glandular epithelia were identified. The observed degenerative changes could be due to cytoskeletal disruption caused by carbendazim toxicity. Degeneration of the luminal and glandular cells in the magnum pose a potential threat to the egg production and reproduction of exposed birds.http://www.ojvr.orgam2013ab201

MENURUNNYA TEKANAN UDARA BILAS PADA MESIN INDUK DI MV. WAKABA

ABSTRAKSI Mesin Induk adalah suatu mesin yang berfungsi untuk mengubah tenaga mekanik menjadi tenaga pendorong bagi propeller kapal agar kapal dapat bergerak. Salah satu instrumen penunjang untuk mesin induk agar dapat beroperasi dengan optimal adalah turbocharger, yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan tenaga dan efisiensi mesin dengan meningkatkan tekanan udara bilas yang masuk ke dalam silinder mesin induk. Metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu dengan cara menggambarkan dan menguraikan objek yang diteliti. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah 1)menganalisis faktor menurunya tekanan udara bilas pada mesin induk, 2)dampak yang terjadi apabila tekanan udara pada mesin induk menurun, 3)upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencegah menurunnya tekanan udara pada mesin induk. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penyebab menurunya tekanan udara bilas pada mesin induk adalah tidak presisinya antara bearing dan rumah bearing pada turbocharger, tidak dilaksanakanya perawatan yang sesuai planned maintenance system pada turbocharger. Cara mengoptimalkan permasalahan di atas adalah memastikan kelurusan bearing menggunakan dial gauge, melakukan perawatan secara periodik/berkala terhadap turbocharger agar menghasilkan tekanan udara masuk silinder mesin induk optimal

Morphological study of the effect of the cytoskeletal disrupting agent carbendazim on the oviduct of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Carbendazim (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate), a derivative of N-substituted esters of carbamic acid, is widely used as a fungicide on field crops. Carbendazim is of major concern to human and animal health due to the presence of its metabolites and residues in the environment. Several studies have shown the effect of carbendazim on the reproductive systems of male mammals and birds. Relatively little is known of the effect of carbendazim on the female reproductive tract. Therefore, this study was undertaken to establish the effect of carbendazim on the morphological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of selected regions of the oviduct in the Japanese quail. The functional implication for each region was also considered. A total of 102 sexually mature Japanese quails were used in this study. The study was divided into two experiments. In Experiment I, different doses of carbendazim, in a sunflower oil base, were administered orally to determine the minimum toxic dose which would cause degenerative lesions in the oviduct. The determined dose was used in the Experiment II to establish the time-course effects of carbendazim on the Japanese quail. In Experiment I, 400 mg/kg bodyweight of carbendazim was the minimum toxic dose which caused both macroscopic and microscopic changes in the oviduct. The effect of carbendazim was dose dependent. In Experiment II, the effect of carbendazim was more pronounced with time lapse post-exposure. Macroscopically, increases in oviductal weight, luminal epithelial height and glandular diameter were observed in the initial stages post-exposure. Atrophy and a reduction in oviductal weight were observed in later stages. Microscopically, carbendazim caused hyperaemia and oedema in all sections of the oviduct examined. Leukocytic infiltrations, pyknotic nuclei and cellular swelling were also observed. The histochemical results showed a reduction in PAS positive granules in the luminal and glandular epithelia of all oviductal sections. There were also decreases in the immunostaining intensities of E-cadherin, laminin and vimentin in all oviductal regions. Scanning electron microscopic results showed a loss of cilia, as well as swollen microvilli. Short ciliary stems and shallow pits were also observed in areas exhibiting a loss of cilia. At the ultrastructural level, luminal and glandular epithelia contained cells with degenerating nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles. The observed degenerative changes included pyknosis, karyorhexis, swollen mitochondria, dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuolation and an increased number of lysosomes. Lipofucsin granules and filamentous aggregation were also observed. Compound cilia and myelin figures were frequently observed in the later stages of degeneration. Invagination and occasional duplication of the basal lamina, underlying both luminal and glandular epithelia, were also observed. The observed degenerative changes suggested oviductal regression in carbendazimtreated birds. Degeneration of epithelial and glandular cells may lower the fertility and productivity of exposed birds.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.Anatomy and PhysiologyPhDUnrestricte