663 research outputs found
War and Punitivity under Anarchy
The individualization of punishment is a key element in liberal narratives about international law and international relations. By now, this narrative has become integral part of positive international law, especially the regimes governing the use of force and the prosecution of international crimes. Rather than punishing states or entire societies, liberals claim, punishment has become restricted to those who incurred individual guilt. To liberals, the individualization of punishment is part of a larger process of enlightenment and civilizations that has helped to fence atavisms like revenge. In this paper, we do not question the emergence of an ever more sophisticated system of individual punishment in international law. However, we argue that punitivity has been more difficult to fully channel towards individuals and away from collectives than claimed. To be sure, punitive language has by and large been banned from the laws of armed conflict. We argue, however, that the absence of a punitive vocabulary does not equal the absence of punitivity. In contrast, current state practices of using armed force are still imbued with punitivity, however silenced in the current legal framework and thus pushed underground. Realizing the presence of a punitive undercurrent, we argue, adds to a more comprehensive understanding of contemporary state practices
Nerve Injury and Small Saphenous Vein Surgery
AbstractObjectiveTo assess nerve injuries in small (short) saphenous vein surgery.DesignProspective study.MethodsDuring a five and a half year period, 272 small saphenous vein operations were studied in 217 consecutive unselected patients, to assess postoperative nerve injuries. Patients with nerve injuries were treated and followed-up by an independent peripheral nerve surgeon.ResultsA peripheral nerve injury occurred three times in 272 procedures: two sural nerve injuries and one common peroneal nerve injury. There was a full recovery of all three nerve injuries, the latest after 18 months.ConclusionsNerve injuries following small saphenous vein surgery are rare and may have a good recovery
Equivalent thermo-mechanical parameters for perfect crystals
Thermo-elastic behavior of perfect single crystal is considered. The crystal
is represented as a set of interacting particles (atoms). The approach for
determination of equivalent continuum values for the discrete system is
proposed. Averaging of equations of particles' motion and long wave
approximation are used in order to make link between the discrete system and
equivalent continuum. Basic balance equations for equivalent continuum are
derived from microscopic equations. Macroscopic values such as Piola and Cauchy
stress tensors and heat flux are represented via microscopic parameters.
Connection between the heat flux and temperature is discussed. Equation of
state in Mie-Gruneisen form connecting Cauchy stress tensor with deformation
gradient and thermal energy is obtained from microscopic considerations.Comment: To be published in proceedings of IUTAM Simposium on "Vibration
Analysis of Structures with Uncertainties", 2009; 14 pages
Entangled Electronic States in Multiple Quantum-Dot Systems
We present an analytically solvable model of colinear, two-dimensional
quantum dots, each containing two electrons. Inter-dot coupling via the
electron-electron interaction gives rise to sets of entangled ground states.
These ground states have crystal-like inter-plane correlations and arise
discontinously with increasing magnetic field. Their ranges and stabilities are
found to depend on dot size ratios, and to increase with .Comment: To appear in Physical Review B (in press). RevTeX file. Figures
available from [email protected]
Master equation approach to the conjugate pairing rule of Lyapunov spectra for many-particle thermostatted systems
The master equation approach to Lyapunov spectra for many-particle systems is
applied to non-equilibrium thermostatted systems to discuss the conjugate
pairing rule. We consider iso-kinetic thermostatted systems with a shear flow
sustained by an external restriction, in which particle interactions are
expressed as a Gaussian white randomness. Positive Lyapunov exponents are
calculated by using the Fokker-Planck equation to describe the tangent vector
dynamics. We introduce another Fokker-Planck equation to describe the
time-reversed tangent vector dynamics, which allows us to calculate the
negative Lyapunov exponents. Using the Lyapunov exponents provided by these two
Fokker-Planck equations we show the conjugate pairing rule is satisfied for
thermostatted systems with a shear flow in the thermodynamic limit. We also
give an explicit form to connect the Lyapunov exponents with the
time-correlation of the interaction matrix in a thermostatted system with a
color field.Comment: 10 page
Voltage-tunable singlet-triplet transition in lateral quantum dots
Results of calculations and high source-drain transport measurements are
presented which demonstrate voltage-tunable entanglement of electron pairs in
lateral quantum dots. At a fixed magnetic field, the application of a
judiciously-chosen gate voltage alters the ground-state of an electron pair
from an entagled spin singlet to a spin triplet.Comment: 8.2 double-column pages, 10 eps figure
d-alpha Correlation functions and collective motion in Xe+Au collisions at E/A=50 MeV
The interplay of the effects of geometry and collective motion on d-
correlation functions is investigated for central Xe+Au collisions at E/A=50
MeV. The data cannot be explained without collective motion, which could be
partly along the beam axis. A semi-quantitative description of the data can be
obtained using a Monte-Carlo model, where thermal emission is superimposed on
collective motion. Both the emission volume and the competition between the
thermal and collective motion influence significantly the shape of the
correlation function, motivating new strategies for extending intensity
interferometry studies to massive particles.Comment: Accepted for publication on Physics Letters
Energy resolution and energy-light response of CsI(TI) scintillators for charged particle detection
This article describes the crystal selection and quality control utilized to
develop and calibrate a high resolution array of CsI(TI) scintillator crystals
for the detection of energetic charged particles. Alpha sources are used to
test the light output variation due to thallium doping gradients. Selection of
crystals with better than 1% non-uniformity in light output is accomplished
using this method. Tests with 240 MeV alpha beam reveal that local light output
variations within each of the tested CsI(TI) crystals limit the resolution to
about 0.5%. Charge and mass dependences in the energy - light output
relationship are determined by calibrating with energetic projectile
fragmentation beams.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figure
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