768 research outputs found
Cultural translation : a value or a tool? Letâs start with Gramsci!
Ein Vordenker, der in der internationalen Diskussion um « cultural translation » so gut wie nie diskutiert wird, ist Antonio Gramsci. Der Philosoph aus Sardinien, von Kindes Tagen an in Zweisprachigkeit (Sardisch-Italienisch) geĂŒbt, hat ein feines Sensorium fĂŒr kulturelle Differenzen ausgebildet. In seinen GefĂ€ngnisjahren ĂŒbersetzt er â als intellektuelles Training â aus dem Russischen und dem Deutschen ins Italienische, und in den GefĂ€ngnisheften setzt er sich wiederholt mit dem Begriff der traducibilitĂ (Ăbersetzbarkeit) auseinander: Ăbersetzbarkeit von Sprachen, aber auch von Kulturen. Der Artikel geht den Linien nach, die von Gramscis Ăberlegungen zu der aktuellen Diskussion gezogen werden können, und diskutiert am Ende vergleichend die Positionen Homi K. Bhabhas und Gayatri Spivaks
Sergio Atzeni : zur Poetik des Postkolonialen
Wenn es Aufgabe der Literaturwissenschaft ist zu erforschen, âin welchem MaĂe Literaturen an den KĂ€mpfen um kulturelle Hegemonie beteiligt sindâ (Kirsch), so gilt das besonders fĂŒr historische Romane, die nationale oder regionale Geschichte rekonstruieren. Solche Romane schreiben entweder die Opposition von Siegern und Besiegten fest oder stellen Geschichte als shared history der beteiligten Akteure dar. Auch innerhalb Europas gibt es Kultur- und SprachrĂ€ume, die die letzten Jahrhunderte im Status kolonialer AbhĂ€ngigkeit verbracht haben und ĂŒber diese langen ZeitrĂ€ume hinweg kulturellen Hybridisierungsprozessen ausgesetzt waren. Eine solche Erfahrung hat die Mittelmeerinsel Sardinien zutiefst geprĂ€gt; Sardinien ist âeine der Ă€ltesten und dauerhaftesten Kolonien der Weltâ (Day). Die heutige sardische Literatur trĂ€gt daher alle ZĂŒge einer postkolonialen Literatur. Sie prĂ€sentiert sich als kulturelles und sprachliches patchwork, als individuelle und kollektive Suche nach dem, was sardische IdentitĂ€t nach dem Durchgang durch den KolonisationsprozeĂ ist und sein kann, als Basteln einer imagined community im Zeitalter von Massentourismus und Globalisierung. Mit Sergio Atzeni ist ein Autor angesprochen, der es bis zu seinem frĂŒhen Tod im Jahr 1995 als seine Aufgabe angesehen hat, Sardiniens Geschichte(n) Schriftform zu geben
El telescopio y la escritura. Los instrumentos de Galileo y los medios de comunicaciĂłn
Cet essai propose une recherche arquéologique dans l'histoire des medias: à partir de l'emploir que Galilée fait du téléscope (emploi instrumental/medial), le statut epistémologique de la connaissance médiatisée devient visible. Un regard sur ses textes fait comprendre le proces de trasformatio/traduction que souffre tout "contenu" qui passe des sciences exactes au discours littéraire/philosophique.This essay proposes an archieologic search in the history of the media through the use Galileo makes of the telescope (instrumental/medial use), which shows the epistemologic status of the mediatic knowledge. A review of the texts allows to understand the process of transformation/translation of any "content" which transforms exact sciencies into the literary/philosophic discourse.Publicad
Loss-Related Characteristics and Symptoms of Depression, Prolonged Grief, and Posttraumatic Stress Following Suicide Bereavement
(1) Background: The aim of the present study was to examine symptom classes of major
depressive disorder (MDD), prolonged grief disorder (PGD), and posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) in a sample of suicide-bereaved individuals, while accounting for loss-related characteristics.
(2) Methods: A latent class analysis was conducted to identify classes of the suicide bereaved,
sharing symptom profiles, in a German suicide-bereaved sample (N = 159). (3) Results: Our analyses
revealed three main classes: a resilient class (16%), a class with high endorsement probability for PGD
symptoms (50%), and a class with high endorsement probability for combined PGD/PTSD symptoms
(34%). Prolonged grief and intrusive symptoms emerged across all classes, while MDD showed low
endorsement probability. Our results indicate an association between class membership and time
passed since the loss; however, this applies only to the comparison between the PGD and the resilient
class, and not for the PGD/PTSD class. (4) Conclusions: Our results may provide information about
the predictability of symptom clusters following suicide bereavement. The findings also represent
a significant step towards tailoring treatments based on the needs of relevant suicide-bereaved
subgroups through a symptom-level approach. Time passed since loss might explain differences
between symptom clusters
Open-radiomics: A Collection of Standardized Datasets and a Technical Protocol for Reproducible Radiomics Machine Learning Pipelines
Purpose: As an important branch of machine learning pipelines in medical
imaging, radiomics faces two major challenges namely reproducibility and
accessibility. In this work, we introduce open-radiomics, a set of radiomics
datasets along with a comprehensive radiomics pipeline based on our proposed
technical protocol to investigate the effects of radiomics feature extraction
on the reproducibility of the results.
Materials and Methods: Experiments are conducted on BraTS 2020 open-source
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) dataset that includes 369 adult patients with
brain tumors (76 low-grade glioma (LGG), and 293 high-grade glioma (HGG)).
Using PyRadiomics library for LGG vs. HGG classification, 288 radiomics
datasets are formed; the combinations of 4 MRI sequences, 3 binWidths, 6 image
normalization methods, and 4 tumor subregions.
Random Forest classifiers were used, and for each radiomics dataset the
training-validation-test (60%/20%/20%) experiment with different data splits
and model random states was repeated 100 times (28,800 test results) and Area
Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) was calculated.
Results: Unlike binWidth and image normalization, tumor subregion and imaging
sequence significantly affected performance of the models. T1 contrast-enhanced
sequence and the union of necrotic and the non-enhancing tumor core subregions
resulted in the highest AUCs (average test AUC 0.951, 95% confidence interval
of (0.949, 0.952)). Although 28 settings and data splits yielded test AUC of 1,
they were irreproducible.
Conclusion: Our experiments demonstrate the sources of variability in
radiomics pipelines (e.g., tumor subregion) can have a significant impact on
the results, which may lead to superficial perfect performances that are
irreproducible
Social acknowledgement as a predictor of post-traumatic stress and complicated grief after witnessing assisted suicide
Background: In Switzerland, right-to-die organizations such as Exit Deutsche
Schweiz offer suicide assistance to their members. However, there is limited
knowledge of the impact that witnessing assisted suicide has on the post-
traumatic stress severity or the grief process of family members. Low
perceived social acknowledgement may affect mental health. Methods: A cross-
sectional survey of 85 family members who were present at an assisted suicide
was conducted in December 2007. The Inventory of Complicated Grief and the
Impact of Event Scale were used to assess symptoms of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and complicated grief (CG) at 14 to 24 months post-loss.
Further, the Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire was used to examine the
impact that the social environmentâs acknowledgement of the end-of-life
decision had on respondentsâ mental health. Results: As expected, social
acknowledgement as a survivor was related to PTSD symptoms and CG. In
particular, perceived general disapproval was strongly correlated with all
outcome measures, whereas recognition was not significantly related to PTSD or
CG (intrusion and avoidance). Conclusion: Family members of patients who use
assisted suicide may hesitate to disclose the manner of death, and the
community and societal environment may express strong views concerning the
end-of-life decision. This can lead to increased levels of PTSD and CG
Internet-based interventions for eating disorders in adults: a systematic review
BACKGROUND: This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of internet-based interventions for the treatment of different eating disorders in adults. METHOD: A search for peer reviewed journal articles detailing Randomised Control Trials (RCT) and Controlled Trials (CT) addressing participants with eating disorders aged at least 16 was completed in the electronic databases Web of Science, PsycInfo and PubMed. The quality of the included articles was assessed, results were reviewed and effect sizes and corresponding confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Eight studies, including a total of N = 609 participants, fulfilled the selection criteria and were included. The majority of treatments applied in these studies were based on CBT principles. Six studies described guided self-help interventions that showed significant symptom reduction in terms of primary and secondary outcomes regarding eating behaviour and abstinence rates. These studies produced significant medium to high effect sizes both within and between the groups after utilisation of guided self-help programs or a self-help book backed up with supportive e-mails. The two remaining studies utilised a specific writing task or e-mail therapy that did not follow a structured treatment program. Here, no significant effects could be found. Treatment dropout rates ranged from 9% to 47.2%. Furthermore, reductions in other symptoms, for example depression and anxiety, and an increase in quality of life were found by four studies. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results support the value of internet-based interventions that use guided self-help to tackle eating disorders, but further research is needed due to the heterogeneity of the studies
Perceived Quality, Authenticity and Price in Touristsâ Dining Experiences: Testing Competing Models of Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions
This study examines touristsâ dining experiences and tests competing models of predictors of satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Specifically, we examine the influence of service quality, quality of environment, food quality, price fairness, authenticity and tourist satisfaction on behavioral intentions. Within the context of mountain hut casual ethnic restaurants and a survey of 304 respondent tourists, we apply PLS-SEM to test both the baseline and the competing, hierarchical latent model. First, results for the baseline model show that satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between the various quality attributes and behavioral intentions. Second, results from the competing model confirm that food quality, service quality and quality of environment form a second-order construct of perceived quality. Third, results reveal that service quality, quality of the environment, and food quality are best represented as a second-order construct in modelling predictors to evaluate the tourism dining experiences relative to tourist satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Fourth, we show that authenticity is a stronger predictor of satisfaction than price fairness and service quality
An Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention E-Learning Program for Police Officers (COPS): Improvement in Knowledge and Competence
Background: Police officers are at high risk for mental and physical health problems and
suicidal ideation. The specific risk factors are numerous and concern stressful missions
and administrative aspects of the police profession. So far, the police get only little training
on specific missions as well as on coping with stress and suicidal ideation in the police
profession. In this study we test the efficacy of the online training COPS (Coping with
Suicide) for police officers.
Methods: A total of 142 police officers fromGermany and Switzerland participated in the
study; complete data (baseline and post) are available from 102 participants. The training
consisted of three modules covering the topics of delivering death notifications, dealing
with individuals with suicidal ideation and dealing with oneâs own distress and suicidal
ideation in the police profession. The primary outcomes are perceived knowledge and
self-rated competence regarding the contents of the program, actual knowledge as well
as symptoms of depression and anxiety (PHQ-9), and attitudes toward suicide (ATTS).
The data are collected at baseline and after completing the training.
Results: We found a significant increase in knowledge as well as in perceived
competence after completing the training. Mental health and attitudes toward suicide did
not change significantly. Years on the job had no moderating effect on the effectiveness
of the training.
Discussion: The results suggest that a short e-learning program significantly improves
knowledge and self-rated competence in delivering death notifications, in suicide
prevention and stress management. It can be easily integrated into the daily routine
of police-officers, and participants could participate at their own pace and from any
location. One limitation of this study is the lack of a control-group. Further advantages
and limitations of this study are discussed
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