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Laterites and paleoclimates. Weathering processes and anthropogenic impact

The European Union of Geosciences held its 9th biannual meeting in Strasbourg, March 23–27, 1997. During this meeting, Symposium No. 63, Weathering Processes: Mineral deposits and soil formation in tropical enÍironments, was merged with Symposium No. 78, Anthropogenic Impact on Weathering processesco-sponsored by IGCP Project 405. The resulting symposium No. 63, Weathering processes and Anthropogenic Impact, was held under the sponsorship of EUROLAT1 and attracted 36 oral and poster presentations and about 100 participants, reflecting the interest of the Earth Sciences community in weathering processes and anthropogenic impact

Energy storage in the UK electrical network : estimation of the scale and review of technology options

This paper aims to clarify the difference between stores of energy in the form of non-rechargeable stores of energy such as fossil-fuels, and the storage of electricity by devices that are rechargeable. The existing scale of these two distinct types of storage is considered in the UK context, followed by a review of rechargeable technology options. The storage is found to be overwhelmingly contained within the fossil-fuel stores of conventional generators, but their scale is thought to be determined by the risks associated with long supply chains and price variability. The paper also aims to add to the debate regarding the need to have more flexible supply and demand available within the UK electrical network in order to balance the expected increase of wind derived generation. We conclude that the decarbonisation challenge facing the UK electricity sector should be seen not only as a supply and demand challenge but also as a storage challenge. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Determining What's Really Important to Lenders: Factors Affecting the Agricultural Loan Decision-Making Process

Agricultural lenders in today’s environment face many challenges when evaluating the creditworthiness of farm borrowers. To address these challenges, a survey was conducted with financial institutions in Kansas and Indiana where agricultural lenders were asked for their response to hypothetical agricultural loan requests. Each loan request differed by the borrower’s character, financial record keeping, productive standing, Fair Isaac credit bureau score, and credit risk. Lenders provided information about themselves and their financial institutions. The survey data obtained determine the relative importance of financial and non-financial information when analyzing agricultural loan applications. Tobit models are estimated to identify the borrower and lender characteristics that are important in determining loan approval while OLS models are used to investigate the factors that affect interest rates offered to farm borrowers. The results provide a comparison of agricultural lending between two important agricultural states. The results from this analysis also provide lenders with insight on the factors that influence the decision making process of other agricultural lenders.Agricultural loans, Credit bureau score, Credit evaluation, Interest rates

The doctrine of mortification and the Opus Alenium Dei in Luther and representative Lutherian theologians

This is a study of the doctrine of mortification and the opus alienum Dei in Luther and four major Lutheran theologians: Philipp Melanchthon in the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy, Philipp Spener in Lutheran Pietism, Alhrecht Ritschl in the nineteenth century, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer in contemporary the¬ ology. It has been prompted by the recovery of the doctrine of mortification in the theology of Bonhoeffer after a long period of relative neglect.In Luther's theology mortification is effected by the opus alienum Dei. He saw the latter as the work of God's "left hand," as the dialectical counterpart of His opus proprium, the work of His "right hand." This "alien" work God effects through Anfechtung, the law, and the cross of the Christian. Anfechtung is an assault on man's faith, led by God, with the purpose of strengthening it "by fire." The second use of the law of God leads man to a knowledge of his sinfulness and his need for the forgiving grace of God. The cross of the Christian may not be chosen, but comes from God. It s essential nature is persecution in the cause of Christ. Through these God effects His "alien work" of destroying the spiritual pride and security of men in preparation for grace,These four themes of mortification, Anfechtung, the second use of the law, and the cross of the Christian, which supply the content of Luther's doctrine of the opus alienum Dei, are then traced in the work of the theologians named.While all the subsequent theologians, except Ritschl, had a doctrine of mortification, the conception of the opus alienum Dei was obscured and in the process of being lost as early as the work of Melanchthon. It had too much to say about Christian "experience" to be congenial to Lutheran Orthodoxy. Since Spener, whatever understanding of the opus alienum Dei has survived has been subsumed under the opus proprium Dei. In this way the dialectical relationship was lost and the opus alienum Dei as a clearly defined conception progressively obscured. Ritschl repudiated the conception altogether, for, in eighteenth and nineteenth century fashion, he did not conceive of anything in man toward which an opus alienum Dei might be directed. Bonhoeffer did not recover the conception because, as a Barthian, it was necessary for him to regard the matter "Christologically" and thus to reject an opus alienum Dei as "natural theology."lly" and thus to reject an opus alienum Dei as "natural theology." Therefore, the thesis of R. Prenter, that Lutheranism has never really been Lutheran, is considered proved in regard to the doctrine of mortification and the opus alienum Dei. The loss of the latter conception is serious, for Luther's position on these doctrines underscored the initiative and activity of God in the salvation of man. The task of mortification and the opus alienum Dei is to teach man his need for God and the gospel as preparation for the reception of grace.The opus alienum Dei has not ceased in the modern world, however, modern man seems no longer to be the victim of the Biblical "Tyrants:" the flesh, sin, the law, the world, death, etc. On the other hand, he is no less "tyrannized" than his forebearers were. It is part of the task of contemporary theology to help him understand this modern opus alienum Dei as an opus Dei, for where this is not understood, the opus alienum Dei cannot lead to the gospel, but can only end in despair. There is then a profound and satisfying answer to the widespread despair of our time in Luther's dialectic of the opus alienum and the opus proprium DejL

Resampling procedures to identify important SNPs using a consensus approach

Our goal is to identify common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (minor allele frequency > 1%) that add predictive accuracy above that gained by knowledge of easily measured clinical variables. We take an algorithmic approach to predict each phenotypic variable using a combination of phenotypic and genotypic predictors. We perform our procedure on the first simulated replicate and then validate against the others. Our procedure performs well when predicting Q1 but is less successful for the other outcomes. We use resampling procedures where possible to guard against false positives and to improve generalizability. The approach is based on finding a consensus regarding important SNPs by applying random forests and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) on multiple subsamples. Random forests are used first to discard unimportant predictors, narrowing our focus to roughly 100 important SNPs. A cross-validation LASSO is then used to further select variables. We combine these procedures to guarantee that cross-validation can be used to choose a shrinkage parameter for the LASSO. If the clinical variables were unavailable, this prefiltering step would be essential. We perform the SNP-based analyses simultaneously rather than one at a time to estimate SNP effects in the presence of other causal variants. We analyzed the first simulated replicate of Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 without knowledge of the true model. Post-conference knowledge of the simulation parameters allowed us to investigate the limitations of our approach. We found that many of the false positives we identified were substantially correlated with genuine causal SNPs

Guided self-help cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in primary care : a randomised controlled trial

Peer reviewedPublisher PD