The use of CRP for diagnosing infections in young infants < 3 months of age in developing countries.

The diagnosis of severe bacterial infection in young infants in developing countries is difficult because of the lack of sensitivity and specificity of the presenting symptoms and signs. Whether C-reactive protein (CRP) might help with the early detection of neonatal sepsis was investigated in a prospective study in The Gambia, Ethiopia and The Philippines. Infants < 3 months of age with symptoms or signs of possible sepsis were evaluated; CRP was measured and assessed for its ability to predict proven invasive bacterial infection. Of 966 children < 3 months of age, 54 had a positive blood culture, 13 a positive CSF culture, 15 a positive blood and CSF culture and 884 had negative cultures. Median (interquartile range) CRP values were 42 (9-173), 14 (6-36), 209 (135-286) and 8 (3-27) mg/L in the four groups, respectively. Taking a CRP cut-off of 10 mg/L, the sensitivity and specificity of an elevated CRP to predict a positive blood or CSF culture were 77% and 55%, respectively, and 55% and 82%, respectively, for a cut-off of 40 mg/L. CRP lacks the sensitivity and specificity to be used alone as a predictor of serious infections in young infants

Dietary diversity at 6 months of age is associated with subsequent growth and mediates the effect of maternal education on infant growth in urban Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Although numerous cross-sectional studies have shown an association between WHO infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators and child anthropometric measures, limited longitudinal evidence exists linking these indicators with subsequent growth. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether meeting WHO IYCF indicators at 6 and 12 mo of age was associated with growth to 18 mo of age and if dietary diversity mediated the relation between household wealth, maternal education, and child growth. METHODS: We used longitudinal data on 811 infants in the CIGNIS (Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition, Infection Study), a randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of micronutrient-fortified porridges on infant growth in Lusaka, Zambia. Twenty-four-h diet recalls were conducted at 6 and 12 mo of age, and length and weight measurements at ages 6 and 18 mo were used to produce height-for-age Z-scores (HAZs) and weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZs). Information on household assets was used to generate a household wealth index, and level of maternal education was collected. RESULTS: In fully adjusted analyses, iron-rich food intake at 6 mo and greater household wealth and maternal education were positively associated with HAZ at 18 mo (all P ≤ 0.016). Iron-rich food intake at 6 and 12 mo, achieving a "minimum acceptable diet" at 12 mo, and higher maternal education were associated with greater WHZ at 18 mo (all P ≤ 0.044). Dietary diversity at 6 mo of age was positively associated with both HAZ and WHZ at 18 mo (both P ≤ 0.001) and mediated 13.4% and 25.9% of the total effect of maternal education on HAZ and WHZ, respectively, at 18 mo. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that IYCF programs should be targeted toward the early period of complementary food introduction and that policies aimed at increasing formal maternal education may benefit child growth through improved feeding practices. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN37460449