La rastreabilidad de granos básicos, una herramienta en la mejora de la calidad y la transparencia de la comercialización : retos y oportunidades: la experiencia del Programa P4P - Programa Mundial de Alimentos

Esta publicación describe las etapas más importantes en el desarrollo del sistema, sus componentes, los actores involucrados y sus responsabilidades. También comparte las oportunidades de mejora basadas en las lecciones aprendidas a fin de orientar el trabajo futuro que debería perseguirse en el interés de la protección de los consumidores, lo mismo que en el de los productores que quieren preservar su marca de calidad y posicionarse como actores de confianza en el mercado nacional e internacional

Food insecurity, school absenteeism and educational attainment of adolescents in Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia: a longitudinal study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Food insecurity not only affects physical growth and health of children but also their intellectual development, school attendance and academic performance. However, most evidences are based on studies in high income countries. Although food insecurity is common in Ethiopia, to what extent it affects school attendance and educational attainment of adolescents is not explored. We hypothesized that food insecure adolescents would be more likely to be absent from school and have lower grades attained after 1 year compared to their food secure peers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used data from 2009 adolescents in the age group of 13-17 years from two consecutive surveys of a five year longitudinal family study in Southwest Ethiopia. A stratified random sampling was used to select participants. Regression analyses were used to compare school absenteeism and the highest grade attained after 1 year of follow-up in food secure and insecure adolescents. The analysis was adjusted for demographic factors, reported illness and workload.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Significantly more (33.0%) food insecure adolescents were absent from school compared with their food secure peers (17.8%, P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that after adjusting for gender, place of residence and gender of the household head, adolescent food insecurity [OR 1.77 (1.34-2.33)], severe household food insecurity [OR 1.62 (1.27-2.06)], illness during the past one month before the survey [OR 2.26 (1.68-3.06)], the highest grade aspired to be completed by the adolescent [OR 0.92 (0.88-0.96)], and the number of days that the adolescent had to work per week [OR 1.16 (1.07-1.26)] were independent predictors of school absenteeism. Similarly after controlling for household income and gender of the household head, adolescent food insecurity(P < 0.001), severe household food insecurity(P < 0.001), illness during the last month(P < 0.001) and rural residence(P < 0.001) were inversely associated with highest grade attained, while age of the adolescent(P < 0.001), the highest grade intended to be completed(P < 0.001) and residence in semi urban area(P < 0.001) were positively associated with the highest grade attained.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Adolescent and household food insecurity are positively associated with school absenteeism and a lower educational attainment. Programs aiming to achieve universal access to primary education in food insecure environments should integrate interventions to ensure food security of adolescents.</p

Child Malnutrition and Mortality in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis

In this paper we propose and test an interpretative framework on the social and economic determinants of child malnutrition and child mortality, two key human development indicators. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 illustrates the main economic and social factors causing child malnutrition and mortality. Section 2 identifies the main clusters of food insecure and vulnerable households and briefly describes their livelihood profiles. Section 3 exposes our cross-country estimation methodology. Section 4 reports and discusses the results. Section 5 concludes

Impact Evaluation of Cash and Food Transfers at Early Childhood Development Centers in Karamoja, Uganda: Endline Survey

IFPRI in collaboration with UNICEF and WFP conducted a study of the effectiveness of food and cash transfers linked to participation in an Early Childhood Development (ECD) program in Uganda. This evaluation is part of a multicountry study to assess the relative impact of food and cash transfers on food security, nutrition, and other measures of human capital. The Uganda case study had two main objectives. First, it estimated the relative impact and cost-effectiveness of cash and food transfers on household food security. Second, it measured the impact and cost-effectiveness of cash or food transfers, joint with child participation in the ECD centers, on child development and nutrition. The Uganda ECD study was designed as a prospective, cluster-randomized control trial, in which treatment households would receive seven transfers of food or cash on approximately 6-week distribution cycles, conditional on having a child aged 3-5 years participating in an ECD center. The value of each transfer was 25,500 UGX (approximately $10.25) for both food and cash. The intervention started in April 2011, with a baseline survey conducted in Sep-Nov 2010 and an endline survey conducted in Mar-May 2012. The study used four survey instruments in each survey round: 1. Household questionnaire; 2. Child assessment and anthropometry; 3. ECD caregiver questionnaire; and 4. Community questionnaire. The household questionnaire collected detailed household-level information on socioeconomic characteristics and uses of resources, as well as individual-level information including ECD participation, education, and health. The child assessment and anthropometry questionnaire measured child development, anthropometric outcomes, and (only at endline) hemoglobin levels for selected children in the household. The ECD caregiver questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the ECD center’s primary caregiver, experiences running the ECD center, and the ECD center itself. The community questionnaire included information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the community, its access to infrastructure, and a market survey.</p

Impact Evaluation of Cash, Food Vouchers, and Food Transfers among Colombian Refugees and Poor Ecuadorians in Carchi and Sucumbios: Endline Survey

In April 2011, the World Food Program (WFP) expanded its assistance to address the food security and nutrition needs of Colombian refugees and to support their integration into Ecuadorian communities. The new program was designed as a prospective randomized control trial and consisted of six monthly transfers of cash, food vouchers, or food to Colombian refugees and poor Ecuadorian households. The objectives of the program were three-fold: 1) to improve food consumption by facilitating access to more nutritious foods, 2) to increase the role of women in household decision-making related to food consumption, and 3) to reduce tensions between Colombian refugees and host Ecuadorian populations. The program was implemented in seven urban centers in the provinces of Carchi and Sucumbíos. IFPRI conducted an impact evaluation targeted at estimating the relative impact and cost-effectiveness of cash, food vouchers, and food transfers on household food security indicators; as well as complimentary indicators such as household expenditure and female status.</p