3,928 research outputs found
On the accuracy of simulations of turbulence
The widely recognized issue of adequate spatial resolution in numerical simulations of turbulence is studied in the context of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics. The familiar criterion that the dissipation scale should be resolved enables accurate computation of the spectrum, but fails for precise determination of higher-order statistical quantities. Examination of two straightforward diagnostics, the maximum of the kurtosis and the scale-dependent kurtosis, enables the development of simple tests for assessing adequacy of spatial resolution. The efficacy of the tests is confirmed by examining a sample problem, the distribution of magnetic reconnection rates in turbulence. Oversampling the Kolmogorov dissipation scale by a factor of 3 allows accurate computation of the kurtosis, the scale-dependent kurtosis, and the reconnection rates. These tests may provide useful guidance for resolution requirements in many plasma computations involving turbulence and reconnection
Flavor versus mass eigenstates in neutrino asymmetries: implications for cosmology
We show that, if they exist, lepton number asymmetries () of
neutrino flavors should be distinguished from the ones () of mass
eigenstates, since Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) bounds on the flavor
eigenstates cannot be directly applied to the mass eigenstates. Similarly,
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) constraints on mass eigenstates do not
directly constrain flavor asymmetries. Due to the difference of mass and flavor
eigenstates, the cosmological constraint on the asymmetries of neutrino flavors
can be much stronger than conventional expectation, but not uniquely determined
unless at least the asymmetry of the heaviest neutrino is well constrained.
Cosmological constraint on for a specific case is presented as an
illustration.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, matching to journal versio
The third-order law for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with shear: Numerical investigation
The scaling laws of third-order structure functions for isotropic, homogeneous, and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence relate the observable structure function with the energy dissipation rate. Recently [ Wan et al. Phys. Plasmas 16, 090703 (2009) ], the theory was extended to the case in which a constant velocity shear is present, motivated by the application of the third-order law to the solar wind. We use direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional MHD with shear to confirm this new generalization of the theory. The presence of the shear effect broadens the circumstances in which the law can be applied. Important implications for laboratory and space plasmas are discussed
Solar wind fluctuations and the von KaĢrmaĢnāHowarth equations: The role of fourth-order correlations
The von KĆ”rmĆ”n-Howarth (vKH) hierarchy of equations relate the second-order correlations of the turbulent fluctuations to the third-order ones, the third-order to the fourth-order, and so on. We recently demonstrated [1] that for MHD, self-similar solutions to the vKH equations seem to require at least two independent similarity lengthscales (one for each ElsƤsser energy), so that compared to hydrodynamics a richer set of behaviors seems likely to ensue. Moreover, despite the well-known anisotropy of MHD turbulence with a mean magnetic field (Bā), the equation for the second-order correlation does not contain explicit dependence on Bā. We show that there is, however, implicit dependence on Bā via the third-order correlations, which themselves have both explicit Bā-dependence and also their own implicit dependence through fourth-order correlations. Some subtleties and consequences of this implicit-explicit balance are summarized here. In addition, we present an analysis of simulation results showing that the evolution of turbulence can depend strongly on the initial fourth-order correlations of the system. This leads to considerable variation in the energy dissipation rates. Some associated consequences for MHD turbulence are discussed
von KƔrmƔn self-preservation hypothesis for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and its consequences for universality
We argue that the hypothesis of preservation of shape of dimensionless second- and third-order correlations during decay of incompressible homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence requires, in general, at least two independent similarity length scales. These are associated with the two ElsƤsser energies. The existence of similarity solutions for the decay of turbulence with varying cross-helicity implies that these length scales cannot remain in proportion, opening the possibility for a wide variety of decay behaviour, in contrast to the simpler classic hydrodynamics case. Although the evolution equations for the second-order correlations lack explicit dependence on either the mean magnetic field or the magnetic helicity, there is inherent implicit dependence on these (and other) quantities through the third-order correlations. The self-similar inertial range, a subclass of the general similarity case, inherits this complexity so that a single universal energy spectral law cannot be anticipated, even though the same pair of third-order laws holds for arbitrary cross-helicity and magnetic helicity. The straightforward notion of universality associated with Kolmogorov theory in hydrodynamics therefore requires careful generalization and reformulation in MHD
The third-order law for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with constant shear
The scaling laws of mixed thirdāorder structure functions for isotropic, homogeneous, and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence have been recently applied in solar wind studies, even though there is recognition that isotropy is not well satisfied. Other studies have taken account of the anisotropy induced by a constant mean magnetic field. However, largeāscale shear can also cause departures from isotropy. Here we examine shear effects in the simplest case, and derive the thirdāorder laws for MHD turbulence with constant shear, where homogeneity is still assumed. This generalized scaling law has been checked by data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of twoādimensional (2D) MHD and is found to hold across the inertial range. These results suggest that thirdāorder structure function analysis and interpretation in the solar wind should be undertaken with some caution, since, when present, shear can change the meaning of the thirdāorder relations
Generation of X-points and secondary islands in 2D magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
We study the time development of the population of X-type critical points in a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model during the early stages of freely decaying turbulence. At sufficiently high magnetic Reynolds number Rem, we find that the number of neutral points increases as Rem3/2, while the rates of reconnection at the most active sites decrease. The distribution of rates remains approximately exponential. We focus in particular on delicate issues of accuracy, which arise in these numerical experiments, in that the proliferation of X-points is also a feature of under-resolved simulations. The āsplittingā of neutral points at high Reynolds number appears to be a fundamental feature of the cascade that has important implications for understanding the relationship between reconnection and turbulence, an issue of considerable importance for the Magnetospheric Multiscale and Solar Probe missions as well as observation of reconnection in the solar wind
Investigation of intermittency in magnetohydrodynamics and solar wind turbulence: scale-dependent kurtosis
The behavior of scale-dependent (or filtered) kurtosis is studied in the solar wind using magnetic field measurements from the ACE and Cluster spacecraft at 1 AU. It is also analyzed numerically with high-resolution magnetohydrodynamic spectral simulations. In each case the filtered kurtosis increases with wavenumber, implying the presence of coherent structures at the smallest scales. This phase coupling is related to intermittency in solar wind turbulence and the emergence of non-Gaussian statistics. However, it is inhibited by the presence of upstream waves and other phase-randomizing structures, which act to reduce the growth of kurtosis
KIPSE1: A Knowledge-based Interactive Problem Solving Environment for data estimation and pattern classification
A knowledge-based interactive problem solving environment called KIPSE1 is presented. The KIPSE1 is a system built on a commercial expert system shell, the KEE system. This environment gives user capability to carry out exploratory data analysis and pattern classification tasks. A good solution often consists of a sequence of steps with a set of methods used at each step. In KIPSE1, solution is represented in the form of a decision tree and each node of the solution tree represents a partial solution to the problem. Many methodologies are provided at each node to the user such that the user can interactively select the method and data sets to test and subsequently examine the results. Otherwise, users are allowed to make decisions at various stages of problem solving to subdivide the problem into smaller subproblems such that a large problem can be handled and a better solution can be found
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