Chemical soil and leaf properties in yellow passion fruit cultivation with organic fertilization

The yellow passion fruit presents a high nutritional demand, and successive cultivations in the same area lead the soil to nutritional exhaustion, creating the need for restitution through fertilizers. In the context of organic managements, alternatives must be sought, which, besides improving soil fertility, can increase the contents of soil organic matter. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of organic basal fertilization in passion fruit cultivation on the chemical properties of the soil and nutrient contents of the plant. Two experiments were performed in two rural properties, with soils presenting sandy-loam and clay-loam texture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (RBD), with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of the application of organic compost in different planting hole diameters: 0.4 m; 0.8 m; 1.2 m; 1.6 m, and 2.0 m, and their respective volumes of organic compost: 0.0007 m³; 0.03 m³; 0.06 m³, 0.10 m³; 0.16 m³. The chemical characteristics of the soil and the foliar content of nutrients were evaluated. Soil texture interferes with the effects of organic fertilization. Regardless of the texture, fertilization increases the contents of organic matter and P in the soil. The successive organic cultivation in a sandy-loam soil increases the content of P and provides higher foliar contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Na.The yellow passion fruit presents a high nutritional demand, and successive cultivations in the same area lead the soil to nutritional exhaustion, creating the need for restitution through fertilizers. In the context of organic managements, alternatives must be sought, which, besides improving soil fertility, can increase the contents of soil organic matter. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of organic basal fertilization in passion fruit cultivation on the chemical properties of the soil and nutrient contents of the plant. Two experiments were performed in two rural properties, with soils presenting sandy-loam and clay-loam texture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (RBD), with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of the application of organic compost in different planting hole diameters: 0.4 m; 0.8 m; 1.2 m; 1.6 m, and 2.0 m, and their respective volumes of organic compost: 0.0007 m³; 0.03 m³; 0.06 m³, 0.10 m³; 0.16 m³. The chemical characteristics of the soil and the foliar content of nutrients were evaluated. Soil texture interferes with the effects of organic fertilization. Regardless of the texture, fertilization increases the contents of organic matter and P in the soil. The successive organic cultivation in a sandy-loam soil increases the content of P and provides higher foliar contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Na

Quality improvement of papaya seedlings with residues-based substrate

A busca por substratos de qualidade e com baixo custo para a produção de mudas de alto padrão contribui com a competitividade na fruticultura. Assim objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar substratos alternativos constituídos de resíduos, para produção de mudas de mamoeiro. Para isto foi utilizado cinco tratamentos, que consistiram de substratos alternativos contendo os resíduos: (1) Casca de Arroz Carbonizada; (2) Fibra de Coco; (3) Ouricuri; (4) Sumaúma e o substrato comercial (controle) disposto em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação durante 60 dias e avaliado: diâmetro, altura, massa seca de raiz, da parte aérea e total e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Os substratos contendo sumaúma e casca de arroz carbonizada como condicionador foram os que apresentaram os melhores índices para as variáveis analisadas. Assim substratos formulados com estes resíduos apresentam mudas de qualidade superior.La búsqueda por sustratos de calidad y con bajo costo para la producción de mudas de alto estándar contribuye con la competitividad en la fruticultura. Así se objetivó en este trabajo evaluar sustratos alternativos constituidos de residuos, para producción de mudas de mamoeiro. Para ello se utilizó cinco tratamientos, que consistían en sustratos alternativos que contienen residuos: (1) cáscaras de arroz carbonizados; (2) Fibra de Coco; (3) Ouricuri; (4) Sumaúma y el sustrato comercial (control) dispuesto en delineamiento de bloques al azar, con cuatro bloques. El experimento fue conducido en casa de vegetación durante 60 días y evaluado: diámetro, altura, masa seca de raíz, de la parte aérea y total y el índice de calidad de Dickson. Los sustratos que contenían sumaúma y cáscara de arroz carbonizada como acondicionador fueron los que presentaron los mejores índices para las variables analizadas. Así los sustratos formulados con estos residuos presentan mudas de calidad superior.The search for quality and low cost substrates for the production of high quality seedlings contributes to the competitiveness of pomology. Thus, it was objectified in the work on alternative substrates composed of residues, for the production of papaya seedlingsFor this, five treatments were used, which consisted of alternative substrates containing the residues: (1) Carbonized Rice Peel; (2) Coconut fiber; (3) Ouricuri; (4) Sumaúma and commercial substrate (control) arranged in a randomized block design with four blocks. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 60 days and evaluated: diameter, height, root dry mass, aerial part and and Dickson's quality score.The substrates containing kapok and charcoal rice husk as conditioner were the ones that presented the best indexes for the analyzed variables. Thus substrates formed by these residues present seedlings of superior quality

Produtividade de almeirão orgânico produzido com substratos alternativos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar substratos alternativos na qualidade de mudas e produtividade do almeirão em cultivo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido em duas fases: em viveiro e em campo, em junho de 2016. O campo experimental está localizado no Sítio Ecológico Seridó, em Rio Branco, Acre. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo substrato comercial Golden® utilizado como controle e por mais quatro substratos alternativos. Os substratos alternativos foram compostos por: terra (30%), composto orgânico (30%); condicionador de solo (30%), carvão (10%), termofosfato natural (1,5 kg m-3), calcário dolomítico (1,0 kg m-3) e sulfato de potássio (1,0 kg m-3), o que os diferenciaram foi a substituição do condicionador: casca de arroz carbonizada; fibra de coco; fibra do caule da palmeira ouricurí (Attalea phalerata) ou caule decomposto de sumaúma (Ceiba pentandra). A cultivar utilizada foi almeirão pão de açúcar. Aos 22 dias após a semeadura as mudas foram avaliadas para a obtenção do índice de qualidade e aos 60 dias após o transplantio a campo avaliou-se a massa fresca total, comercial, seca total, comercial e a produtividade total e comercial. Os substratos contendo sumaúma e fibra de coco tiveram melhor desempenho para massa seca da raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson na fase de muda, massa fresca total, massa seca total e comercial e produtividade total à campo

Rooting of the high seedling stem of yellow passion fruit for deep planting

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) para induzir o enraizamento do caule de muda alta do maracujazeiro amarelo por mergulhia aérea, para plantio profundo com afogamento do colo e parte do caule da planta. Plantas de maracujazeiro amarelo com 90 dias de idade, com dois metros de altura, tiveram o colo e um metro de caule envolvidos por tubos plásticos de policloreto de vinil (PVC) de 75 mm de diâmetro preenchido com solo orgânico. Para a submissão do caule, foram retiradas todas as folhas nos primeiros 100 cm, aferidos cortes paralelos na epiderme internodais com lâmina de aço e aplicado AIB diluído em talco, nas concentrações de 0, 1.000, 2.000, 3.000 e 4.000 mg kg-1 de AIB. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições de quatro plantas cada. Foram avaliados, a porcentagem de enraizamento, alturas mínima e máxima de enraizamento, o número de raízes e de calo por planta e a massa seca de raízes. O enraizamento do caule aumentou linearmente de 60% sem aplicação de AIB para 92,5% na concentração de 4000 mg Kg-1. O número de raízes, de calos e a massa seca das raízes não variaram entre as concentrações de AIB. O enraizamento ocorreu, em média, entre 0,16 m e 0,69 m a partir do colo.El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de ácido indolbutírico (IBA) para inducir el enraizamiento del tallo alto de las plántulas de maracuyá amarillo por inmersión aérea, para la siembra profunda con ahogamiento del tallo y parte del tallo de la planta. Las plantas amarillas de maracuyá, de 90 días de edad, de dos metros de altura, tenían el cuello y el tallo de un metro rodeados de tubos de plástico de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) de 75 mm de diámetro llenos de tierra orgánica. Para la presentación del tallo, seeliminaron todas las hojas en los primeros 100 cm, se midieron cortes paralelos en la epidermis internodal con una cuchilla de acero y se aplicó AIB diluido en talco, en concentraciones de 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 y 4,000 mg kg-1 de AIB El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar, con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cuatro plantas cada uno. Se evaluaron el porcentaje de enraizamiento, la altura de enraizamiento mínima y máxima, el número de raíces y callos por planta y la masa de raíz seca. El enraizamiento del tallo aumentó linealmente de 60% sin aplicación de IBA a 92.5% a la concentración de 4000 mg Kg-1. El número de raíces, callosidades y materia seca de la raíz no varió entre las concentraciones de IBA. El enraizamiento se produjo, en promedio, entre 0,16 my 0,69 m desde el cuello.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) to induce the rooting of the high seedlings of the yellow passion fruit tree by the air layering for deep transplanting with drowning of the neck and part of the stem of the plant. Yellow passion fruit trees with 90 days old, two meter long, had the neck and one meter of stem surrounded by plastic tubes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) of 75 mm diameter filled with organic soil. For the grounding of the stem, all leaves were removed in the first 100 cm of the stem, parallel cuts were measured in the epidermis with steel blade and applied IBA diluted in industrial talc at the concentrations of 0; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 and 4,000 mg kg-1 of AIB. The experimental design was a randomized block design with five treatments and four replicates of four plants each. Rooting percentage, minimum and maximum rooting height, number of roots and callus per plant and root dry mass were evaluated. Rooting of the stem increasing linearly from 60% without application of IBA to 92.5% at the concentration of 4,000 mg kg-1. The number of roots, calli and root dry mass did not vary between AIB concentrations. Rooting occurred on average between 0.16 m and 0.69 m from the colon

Treatment of bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with systemic insecticides for the management of Cerotoma arcuata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation has great agricultural and food importance, but this crop production is generally affected by severe infestations of Cerotoma arcuata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the northern region of Brazil. An alternative for leaf beetle control is the use of physiological insecticides acting in the initial phase of plant growth, through pre-sowing seed treatment. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of systemic insecticides, based on thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and fipronil, on the germination performance of bean seeds, and to verify the efficacy of these insecticides on the control of C. arcuata. The research was carried out in two stages. Initially, under laboratory conditions, the influence of the insecticides on the germinating power of seeds was evaluated through the following parameters: germination, emergence, electrical conductivity and dry mass of the aerial part. In the field, the efficacy of the insecticides on the plant stand, number of insects per plant and level of foliar damage at 21 and 28 days of planting were evaluated. The insecticides investigated did not affect the germinating power of seeds when compared to the control. Regarding field results, there was a lower incidence of C. arcuata and less leaf damage to plants from seeds treated with systemic insecticides, showing greater crop protection in the period studied

Hydroalcoholic plant extracts from the southwest Amazon for the alternative control of fall armyworms

This study aimed to screen plant species from the Amazon region for the potential to be used in the integrated management of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). For this purpose, the efficiency of the hydroalcoholic extracts of 15 plant species from the Amazon region was evaluated. The extracts were obtained from plant leaves, bark, or vines. The efficiency of the extracts (30 mg-mL-1) was evaluated on eggs and third instar larvae of S. frugiperda. A range of reactions of the fall armyworm to the hydroalcoholic extracts was observed. The extract obtainedfrom the bark of Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. presented the highest efficiency against the eggs, whereas the extract obtained from the leaves of Bauhinia forficata Link was most efficient against the larvae. These findings are essential for the management offall armyworms because the deleterious effects in the initial stages of S. frugiperda development significantly reduce maize production. In conclusion, the extracts of C. spruceanum and B. forficata were more efficient for eggs and larvae of the fall armyworm, respectively.Esta investigación tiene el objetivo de hacer una selección de especies vegetales que son propias de la región Amazónica con potencial de uso en el manejo integrado de la oruga militar tardía Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Para tal, fue evaluado la eficiencia de extractos hidroalcohólicos de 15 especies vegetales que se son de la región. Los extractos fueron producidos a partir de las hojas, o de la cáscara, o de liana de las plantas. La eficiencia de los extractos (30 mg.mL-1) fue evaluada sobre huevos y larvas de 3° instar de S. frugiperda. Se constató una variación de respuesta de la oruga militar tardía entre los extractos hidroalcohólicos. El extracto de la cáscara de Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. presentó mayor eficiencia en los huevos, y el extracto de las hojas de Bauhinia forficata Link presentó mayor eficiencia en las larvas. Estos resultados son fundamentales para el manejo de la oruga militar tardía, toda vez que, los efectos nocivos reducen las pérdidas en la producción de maíz en las primeras fases del desarrollo del S. frugiperda. Se concluye que los extractos de C. spruceanum y B. forficata fueron los más eficientes para los huevos y larvas de la oruga militar tardía

POTENTIATION OF COPAÍBA OIL-RESIN WITH SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL OF FALL ARMYWORM

The control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been carried out mainly with pyrethroids and organophosphates insecticides. The continuous and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides, for decades, has led to the selection of resistant populations and has caused concerns for human health and the environment. An alternative is the use of botanical insecticides, including through the mixtures with synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of copaiba oil-resin mixtures (COR) with deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, methomyl, triazophos and chlorpyrifos for S. frugiperda. Bioassays were performed in the laboratory using newly hatched caterpillars on a contaminated surface (filter paper). Initially, concentration-mortality curves were established for each insecticide and COR. Based on the results, experiments were conducted to verify the effect of the COR mixtures with synthetic insecticides in the proportions of 1:1 (LC25 + LC25) on larvae of S. frugiperda. Additionally, COR concentration-response curves were established by adding 1/8 of the recommended rate of each insecticide. Notably, the use of this concentration for all insecticides was previously determined in bioassays, and no significant toxicity was found for S. frugiperda caterpillars. It was found that the toxicity of COR increased substantially by adding synthetic insecticides, especially with lower mixtures with beta-cypermethrin, methomyl and triazophos