HIV/AIDS, Security and Conflict: New Realities, New Responses

Ten years after the HIV/AIDS epidemic itself was identified as a threat to international peace and security, findings from the three-year AIDS, Security and Conflict Initiative (ASCI)(1) present evidence of the mutually reinforcing dynamics linking HIV/AIDS, conflict and security

Modelling Sulphur Clusters for an Understanding of Ultramarine

Ultramarine pigments are aluminosilicate-based and contain sulphur-based chromophores. Self-consistent-field Hartree-Fock and Møller-Plesset second order perturbation theory were applied to determine the relative stability of S2, S2 –., S2 2–, and S3, S3 –., S3 2–. The singly charged species was found to be the most stable in both sets. The transition from green to blue ultramarine is thought to be the transformation of the doubly charged species to the singly charged species and is known to be exothermic. Modelling studies supported this hypothesis. The open,C2v, isomer was found to be the most stable for the S3 –. molecule, which is the blue chromophore in ultramarine. The closed, D3h, geometry represents a transition state. The S4 molecule is the most likely chromophore in ultramarine red; however the specific isomer is uncertain. Under the assumption that S4 was formed by a concerted reaction between S3 –. and S+., aWoodward-Hoffmann analysis of the molecular orbitals of S3 –. and S+. supported the formation of the puckered square S4, pyramidal S4, double triangle S4, and gauche S4 chain isomers. The gauche S4 chain is the most likely isomer in ultramarine red.Keywords: Ultramarine pigments, Woodward-Hoffmann analysis, modelling

Tolerantie in de postindustriële stad

In hedendaagse westerse samenlevingen kan intolerantie jegens etnische minderheden met name worden gevonden onder laagopgeleiden. Op basis van verschillende theorieën in de stadsstudies kan echter worden verondersteld dat zij in de meest postindustriële steden minder etnocentrisch zijn dan in de minst postindustriële steden. Dit artikel vergelijkt het etnocentrisme van laagopgeleide autochtonen woonachtig in de 22 Nederlandse grootstedelijke gebieden, en toont aan dat dit inderdaad het geval is. Vervolgens wordt onderzocht of dit kan worden verklaard door de grotere arbeidsmarktkansen aldaar of het tolerantere culturele klimaat

Tolerance in the postindustrial city: Assessing the ethnocentrism of less educated natives in 22 dutch cities

This article studies whether and why less educated natives are less ethnocentric in postindustrial Dutch cities than in industrial ones, as suggested by several theories in urban studies. A multilevel analysis of survey data collected among the native working populations (source: Cultural Change in the Netherlands Surveys 2004 and 2006) of 22 Dutch metropolitan agglomerations (sources: Statistics Netherlands Statline and Atlas of Municipalities) confirms tha

Exploration for magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide deposits : a review of recent advances in the use of geochemical tools, and their application to some South African ores

Most major magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE sulphide deposits are thought to have formed by segregation of an immiscible sulphide melt from a silicate host magma, in response to processes such as magma mixing, rapid cooling, differentiation, and contamination. The metal content of the sulphides is governed by the concentration of the metals in the silicate host magma, the sulphide melt/silicate melt partition coefficients (D values) of the metals, and the R-factor during sulphide segregation. Fractionation between the metals occurs during partial melting of the upper mantle source, crystallization of oxides, platinum-group minerals (PGM), and silicates (mainly olivine and less so orthopyroxene), segregation of sulphide melt, and crystallization of the sulphide melt. The latter process may yield zoned ore bodies consisting of Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Fe, (Ni)-rich monosulphide solid solution (mss) cumulate ore and fractionated sulphide ore rich in Cu, Pt, and Pd. It is possible to model these processes and thereby to estimate the potential of a magmatic body to host economic Cu-Ni-PGE sulphide deposits. The location of Cu-Ni-PGE sulphide ores may be facilitated by applying a number of geochemical tools. PGE-rich horizons within layered intrusions are particularly difficult to locate because the ore zones are generally thin compared to the thickness of the intrusions. Variation in Cu/Pd ratios of the silicate rocks may delineate the position of some of these horizons, since the strongly chalcophile Pd is preferentially depleted during sulphide segregation, resulting in an increase in Cu/Pd of the subsequently crystallizing overlying cumulates. Cu/Pd ratios may also be applied in sill-like bodies such as the Uitkomst intrusion, Mpumalanga, to estimate the potential for conduit-type deposits, and in lavas where they may help to locate possible Noril'sk-type mineralized feeder zones to basalt flows. Other methods of determining whether igneous bodies have experienced magma mixing and sulphide segregation are based on Ni contents of olivines, Ti contents, and Cr/Fe ratios of spinels, and petrographic features such as the presence of plagioclase inclusions within ferromagnesian phases. Se/S ratios may help to determine whether magmatic sulphide ores underwent post-magmatic (metamorphic or hydrothermal) sulphur loss. They may also discriminate between a magmatic or sedimentary source of the S, and between a magmatic or hydrothermal origin of the metals. Hydrothermal sulphide ores may further be distinguished from magmatic ores by means of significantly higher Cu/Ni and Pd/Ir ratios of the former. Such distinction is important because it would be futile to investigate hydrothermal deposits for magmatic ore zonation

High level of treatment failure with commonly used anthelmintics on Irish sheep farms

peer-reviewedBackground: In 2013 a Technology Adoption Program for sheep farmers was established to encourage the implementation of best management practices on sheep farms in Ireland. There were 4,500 participants in this programme in 2013. As part of this programme, farmers had the option to carry out a drench test to establish the efficacy of their anthelmintic treatment. Results: Flock faecal samples were collected before and after treatment administration and gastrointestinal nematode eggs enumerated. In total there were 1,893 participants in the task, however only 1,585 included both a pre- and post-treatment faecal sample. Of those, 1,308 provided information on the anthelmintic product that they used with 46%, 23% and 28% using a benzimidazole (BZ), levamisole (LEV) and macrocyclic lactone (ML) product respectively. The remaining farmers used a product inapplicable for inclusion in the task such as a flukicide or BZ/LEV combination product. Samples were included for analysis of drench efficacy if the pre-treatment flock egg count was ≥200 eggs per gram and the interval post-sampling was 10–14 days for BZ products, 4–7 days for LEV products and 14–18 days for ML products. These criteria reduced the number of valid tests to 369, 19.5% of all tests conducted. If the reduction post-treatment was ≥95% the treatment was considered effective. Only 51% of treatments were considered effective using this criterion. There was a significant difference in efficacy between the anthelmintic drug classes with BZ effective in only 30% of treatments, LEV effective in 52% of cases and ML effective in 76% of cases. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic treatments, as practiced on Irish farms, have a high failure rate. There was a significant difference between the efficacies of the anthelmintic classes with BZ the least effective and ML the most effective

Histopathology of ameloblastoma of the jaws; some critical observations based on a 40 years single institution experience

The aim of the present study is to examine all cases of intraosseous benign ameloblastomas treated between 1970 and 2010 in a single institution and to look for a possible correlation between the histopathological aspects and the demographical and clinical parameters, as well as the treatment outcome. The data of a total number of 44 patients were retrieved from the records. Nine patients were excluded because of doubt about the correct diagnosis (8 patients) or because of an extra-osseous presentation (1 patient). No statistically significant differences were found between the histopathological (sub)types of ameloblastomas and the demographical and clinical parameters, nor between the histopathological (sub)types and treatment outcome. Of the 28 patients treated by enucleation, in 17 patients one or more recurrences occurred, with no significant predilection for any histopathological (sub)type, including the unicystic type. There were no significant differences in the recurrence rate after enucleation in patients below and above the age of 20 years either. In six out of 17 patients with a recurrence, the recurrent lesion showed a different histopathological subtype than was encountered in the primary. In two cases a change from solid/multicystic to desmoplastic ameloblastomas was noticed. In conclusion, the current histopathological classification of benign intraosseous ameloblastoma does not seem to have clinical relevance with the possible exception of the luminal unicystic ameloblastoma that has been removed in toto, unfragmented. Since no primary desmoplastic ameloblastomas were encountered in the present study no further comments can be made on this apparently rare entity. © Medicina Oral S. L