Enhanced Angular Momentum Transport in Accretion Disks

The status of our current understanding of angular momentum transport in accretion disks is reviewed. The last decade has seen a dramatic increase both in the recognition of key physical processes and in our ability to carry through direct numerical simulations of turbulent flow. Magnetic fields have at once powerful and subtle influences on the behavior of (sufficiently) ionized gas, rendering them directly unstable to free energy gradients. Outwardly decreasing angular velocity profiles are unstable. The breakdown of Keplerian rotation into MHD turbulence may be studied in some numerical detail, and key transport coefficients may be evaluated. Chandra observations of the Galactic Center support the existence of low luminosity accretion, which may ultimately prove amenable to global three-dimensional numerical simulation.Comment: 43 pages, 2 figures, to appear v.43 A.R.A.A. October 200

Chandrasekhar-Kendall functions in astrophysical dynamos

Some of the contributions of Chandrasekhar to the field of magnetohydrodynamics are highlighted. Particular emphasis is placed on the Chandrasekhar-Kendall functions that allow a decomposition of a vector field into right- and left-handed contributions. Magnetic energy spectra of both contributions are shown for a new set of helically forced simulations at resolutions higher than what has been available so far. For a forcing function with positive helicity, these simulations show a forward cascade of the right-handed contributions to the magnetic field and nonlocal inverse transfer for the left-handed contributions. The speed of inverse transfer is shown to decrease with increasing value of the magnetic Reynolds number.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, proceedings of the Chandrasekhar Centenary Conference, to be published in PRAMANA - Journal of Physic

Clinical and molecular analysis of synchronous double lung cancers

Background: Since multiple lung cancer treatment strategies differ, it is essential for clinicians to be able to distinguish between separate primary lesions and metastasis. In the present study, we used array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and somatic mutation (epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR) to analyze genomic alteration profiles in lung cancer patients. To validate the consistency among the pathological assessments and clarify the clinical differences between double primary lesions and metastasis, we also examined synchronous double lung cancer clinical data. Methods: Between January 1970 and March 2010, 2215 patients with lung cancer underwent surgical resection at Nagasaki University Hospital. We performed molecular analysis of 12 synchronous double lung cancer patients without lymph node metastasis (intrapulmonary metastasis in the same lobe (pm1): n = 6, primary: n = 6). We then evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with pathologically diagnosed synchronous double lung cancers (intrapulmonary metastasis (pm): n = 80, primary: n = 39) and other T3 tumors (n = 230). Results: Examination of the concordance rate (CR) of the copy number changes (CNCs) for paired tumors showed that the metastasis group was larger than the primary group (55.5% vs. 19.6%, p = 0.04). Pathological diagnosis and molecular classification were the same in 10 out of 12 cases (83%). As compared to the primary group, there tended to be an inferior 5-year survival curve for the pm group. However, in N0 patients, the survival curve for the pm group overlapped the primary group, while the survival rate of the pm1 group was much higher than that of other T3 group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Both pathological and molecular assessment using aCGH adapted in the current study appeared to have a consistency. Pathological pm1(T3)N0 patients may have a better prognosis than other T3N0 patients

A comprehensive overview of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology

The concept of radioguided surgery, which was first developed some 60 years ago, involves the use of a radiation detection probe system for the intraoperative detection of radionuclides. The use of gamma detection probe technology in radioguided surgery has tremendously expanded and has evolved into what is now considered an established discipline within the practice of surgery, revolutionizing the surgical management of many malignancies, including breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer, as well as the surgical management of parathyroid disease. The impact of radioguided surgery on the surgical management of cancer patients includes providing vital and real-time information to the surgeon regarding the location and extent of disease, as well as regarding the assessment of surgical resection margins. Additionally, it has allowed the surgeon to minimize the surgical invasiveness of many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, while still maintaining maximum benefit to the cancer patient. In the current review, we have attempted to comprehensively evaluate the history, technical aspects, and clinical applications of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology

An examination of PROGUIDE® in compression therapy (EXPECT): a multi-centre randomised non-inferiority trial of two compression systems in the treatment of venous leg ulcers

Background: Compression therapy is the gold standard treatment for venous leg ulcers. The aim was to determine whether the compression bandage PROGUIDE was non-inferior to an established bandaging system, PROFORE, in the treatment of ulceration. Design: Multi-centre, prospective, randomised, stratified non-inferiority trial. Methods: Patients were randomised to receive treatment with either the PROFORE or PROGUIDE bandage system. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients attaining full closure of limb ulceration by 24 weeks. A non-inferiority margin of the lower limit of the 95% CI being greater than -15% was specified. Secondary outcomes relating to bandage performance and patient endpoints were also measured. Results: Of 303 patients with venous leg ulcers, 153 were randomised to PROGUIDE and 150 to PROFORE. At 24 weeks, full closure occurred in 92 (60.1%), the ulcer remained open in 24 (15.7%) and 37 (24.2%) were discontinued. With PROFORE full ulcer closure occurred in 102 (68.0%), 27 (18.0%) had open ulcers and 21 (14%) were discontinued. In the full analysis (intention to treat) population, this corresponded to a difference in ulcer closure of –7.9% (95% CI: –19.1 to 3.4%), P=0.17. 3 Results for secondary outcomes were in favour of PROFORE for comfort (odds of an ‘uncomfortable’ or ‘very uncomfortable’ bandage being reported (p<0.001) but showed no significant difference between the two bandage systems in terms of other outcomes. Conclusions: The results did not meet the non-inferiority criterion of the lower limit of the 95% CI being greater than -15%, in either the full analysis or the per protocol population. This study has not demonstrated the non-inferiority of PROGUIDE compared to PROFORE