Perfectionism and efficiency: Accuracy, response bias, and invested time in proof-reading performance

Investigating problem-solving performance, Ishida, H. (2005: College students’ perfectionism and task-strategy inefficience: Why their efforts go unrewarded? Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 208–215) found high levels of perfectionism were associated with lower efficiency. Aiming to replicate and further explore this finding, the present study investigated how two dimensions of perfectionism (high standards, discrepancy between expectations and performance) predicted efficiency in proof-reading performance. N = 96 students completed a proof-reading task involving the detection of spelling, grammar, and format errors. When error-detection performance was subjected to signal detection analysis, high standards correlated positively with the number of incorrectly detected errors (false alarms). Moreover, when task-completion time was taken into account, high standards were negatively correlated with efficiency (accuracy/time). In comparison, discrepancy correlated negatively with the number of correctly detected errors (hits) and positively with a conservative response bias. The findings show that perfectionistic standards are associated with reduced efficiency demonstrating the importance of considering invested time, errors, and response bias when investigating the relationship between perfectionism and performance

Minimum Velocities for the Suspension of Fine Sediment in the Green River Canal

This paper focuses on a canal in the Gunnison Valley, located in central Utah, which diverts water from the sediment-laden Green River. Grain size analyses were performed on sediment samples taken from the canal. These grain size analyses were used to determine the grain size distribution of the fine sediment, classify the fine sediment, and compare the fine sediment to a sediment deposit in the Green River. The critical incipient velocity for the D50 and D100 and the critical grain entrainment velocity corresponding to the D95 were determined through flume experimentation. Two methods, developed by prior researchers, were chosen by the author to calculate the critical incipient velocity for the D50 and D100 of the fine sediment in the Green River Canal. The calculated critical incipient velocity for the D50 and D100 was compared to the critical incipient velocity for the D50 and D100 as determined from flume experimentation. Using flume data and one of the previously mentioned methods, the critical grain entrainment velocity was calculated and compared to the critical grain entrainment velocity as determined by flume experimentation. This study concluded that a minimum required average velocity of 1.14 feet per second will retain in suspension the fine sediment sampled from the Green River Canal. This minimum average critical grain entrainment velocity corresponds to the D95 of the fine sediment deposited in the Green River Canal. However, it is recommended that further research be conducted to determine if critical incipient velocity formulae accurately estimates the critical grain entrainment velocity. If so, the further research should address the grain diameter that should be used in the calculations

Comparing two short forms of the Hewitt–Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale

Hewitt and Flett’s 45-item Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991, 2004) is a widely-used instrument to assess self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism. With 45 items, it is not overly lengthy, but there are situations where a short form is useful. Analyzing data from 4 samples, this article compares 2 frequently used 15-item short forms of the MPS—Cox et al.’s (2002) and Hewitt et al.’s (2008)—by examining to what degree their scores replicate the original version’s correlations with various personality characteristics (e.g., traits, social goals, personal/interpersonal orientations). Regarding self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, both short forms performed well. Regarding other-oriented perfectionism, however, Cox et al.’s short form (exclusively comprised of negatively worded items) performed less well than Hewitt et al.’s (which contains no negatively worded items). It is recommended that researchers use Hewitt et al.’s short form to assess other-oriented perfectionism rather than Cox et al.’s

Perfectionism and achievement goals in young Finnish ice-hockey players aspiring to make the Under-16 national team

Research on perfectionism suggests that is it useful to differentiate between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. Regarding the 2 x 2 achievement goal framework, the usefulness of this differentiation was recently demonstrated in a study with university student athletes (Stoeber, Stoll, Pescheck, & Otto, 2008, Study 2), in which it was found that perfectionistic strivings were associated with mastery-approach and performance-approach goals and perfectionistic concerns with mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals. Because the study was largely exploratory and only used non-elite athletes, the aim of the present research was to replicate and extend these findings by investigating a sample of 138 young, elite ice-hockey players, while adding further measures of perfectionism and using structural equation modelling (SEM) to confirm the relationships between perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns,and the 2 x 2 achievement goals. The SEM results showed that, in elite athletes also, perfectionistic strivings are associated with mastery-approach and performance-approach goals, whereas perfectionistic concerns are associated with masteryavoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals. Our findings corroborate the importance of differentiating between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns when studying perfectionism in sports, because only perfectionistic concerns (and not perfectionistic strivings) are associated with maladaptive patterns of achievement goals

Diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancy by detection of minichromosome maintenance protein 5 in bile aspirates

Biliary brush cytology is the standard method of sampling a biliary stricture but has a low sensitivity for the detection of malignancy. We have previously shown that minichromosome maintenance (MCM) replication proteins (Mcm2–7) are markers of dysplasia and have utilised these novel biomarkers of growth for the diagnosis of cervical and bladder cancer. We aimed to determine if MCM proteins are dysregulated in malignant pancreaticobiliary disease and if levels in bile are a sensitive marker of malignancy. In 30 tissue specimens from patients with malignant/benign biliary strictures, we studied Mcm2 and -5 expression by immunohistochemistry. Bile samples were also collected prospectively at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from 102 consecutive patients with biliary strictures of established (n=42) or indeterminate aetiology (n=60). Patients with indeterminate strictures also underwent brush cytology as part of standard practice. Bile sediment Mcm5 levels were analysed using an automated immunofluorometric assay. In benign biliary strictures, Mcm2 and -5 protein expression was confined to the basal epithelial proliferative compartment – in contrast to malignant strictures where expression was seen in all tissue layers. The percentage of nuclei positive for Mcm2 was higher in malignant tissue (median 76.5%, range 42–92%) than in benign tissue (median 5%, range 0–33%) (P<0.0005), with similar results for Mcm5. Minichromosome maintenance protein 5 levels in bile were significantly more sensitive than brush cytology (66 vs 20%; P=0.004) for the detection of malignancy in patients with an indeterminate stricture, with a comparable positive predictive value (97 vs 100%; P=ns). In this study, we demonstrate that Mcm5 in bile detected by a simple automated test is a more sensitive indicator of pancreaticobiliary malignancy than routine brush cytology

Diagnosis of prostate cancer by detection of minichromosome maintenance 5 protein in urine sediments

Background: The accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in prostate cancer detection is constrained by low sensitivity and specificity. Dysregulated expression of minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) 2–7 proteins is an early event in epithelial multistep carcinogenesis and thus MCM proteins represent powerful cancer diagnostic markers. In this study we investigate Mcm5 as a urinary biomarker for prostate cancer detection. Methods: Urine was obtained from 88 men with prostate cancer and from two control groups negative for malignancy. A strictly normal cohort included 28 men with complete, normal investigations, no urinary calculi and serum PSA <2 ng ml–1. An expanded control cohort comprised 331 men with a benign final diagnosis, regardless of PSA level. Urine was collected before and after prostate massage in the cancer patient cohort. An immunofluorometric assay was used to measure Mcm5 levels in urine sediments. Results: The Mcm5 test detected prostate cancer with 82% sensitivity (confidence interval (CI)= 72–89%) and with a specificity ranging from 73 (CI=68–78%) to 93% (CI=76–99%). Prostate massage led to increased Mcm5 signals compared with pre-massage samples (median 3440 (interquartile range (IQR) 2280 to 5220) vs 2360 (IQR <1800 to 4360); P=0.009), and was associated with significantly increased diagnostic sensitivity (82 vs 60%; P=0.012). Conclusions: Urinary Mcm5 detection seems to be a simple, accurate and noninvasive method for identifying patients with prostate cancer. Large-scale prospective trials are now required to evaluate this test in diagnosis and screening

Perfectionism and self-conscious emotions in British and Japanese students: Predicting pride and embarrassment after success and failure

Regarding self-conscious emotions, studies have shown that different forms of perfectionism show different relationships with pride, shame, and embarrassment depending on success and failure. What is unknown is whether these relationships also show cultural variations. Therefore, we conducted a study investigating how self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted pride and embarrassment after success and failure comparing 363 British and 352 Japanese students. Students were asked to respond to a set of scenarios where they imagined achieving either perfect (success) or flawed results (failure). In both British and Japanese students, self-oriented perfectionism positively predicted pride after success and embarrassment after failure whereas socially prescribed perfectionism predicted embarrassment after success and failure. Moreover, in Japanese students, socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted pride after success and self-oriented perfectionism negatively predicted pride after failure. The findings have implications for our understanding of perfectionism indicating that the perfectionism–pride relationship not only varies between perfectionism dimensions, but may also show cultural variations

The Big Three Perfectionism Scale: A new measure of perfectionism

This article introduces a new measure of dispositional perfectionism: the Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS). The BTPS assesses three higher-order global factors (rigid perfectionism, self-critical perfectionism, narcissistic perfectionism) via 10 lower-order perfectionism facets (self-oriented perfectionism, self-worth contingencies, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, self-criticism, socially prescribed perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, hypercriticism, grandiosity, entitlement). The present investigation examined the structure of the BTPS using exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 (288 undergraduates), and confirmatory factor analyses in Study 2 (352 community adults) and Study 3 (290 undergraduates). Additionally, in Study 3 the relationships among the BTPS, other measures of perfectionism, and the five-factor model of personality were investigated. Overall, findings provide first evidence for the reliability and validity of the BTPS as a multidimensional measure of perfectionism

DNA replication licensing and cell cycle kinetics of oligodendroglial tumours

The convergence point of growth-signalling pathways that control cell proliferation is the initiation of genome replication, the core of which is the assembly of pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs), resulting in chromatin being ‘licensed’ for DNA replication in the subsequent S phase. The Mcm2–7 complex is a core constituent of the pre-RC, whose recruitment to replication origins is dependent on the Cdt1 loading factor. Geminin is a potent inhibitor of the initiation of DNA replication by preventing Mcm2–7 assembly at origins via its interaction with Cdt1, ensuring genomic integrity through suppression of re-initiation events in S phase. Here we investigate the regulation of Ki67, Mcm2, p21, caspase 3 and Geminin in a series of 55 oligodendrogliomas to provide an integrated picture of how cellular proliferation and programmed cell death are dysregulated in these tumours. Geminin does not behave as an inhibitor of cell proliferation, its labelling index rising with increasing growth fraction as defined by Ki67 or Mcm2 expression. Geminin is expressed in a higher proportion of cells in higher grade tumours (P<0.001) and shows a strong correlation to proliferation and replication licensing (P<0.01), but not apoptosis. Increasing tumour anaplasia is not associated with loss of Geminin. Importantly, the G1 phase of the proliferative cell cycle, as assessed by the Geminin/Ki67 ratio, shortens with increasing anaplasia, providing new potential algorithms for prognostic assessment. Origin licensing proteins thus provide powerful novel tools for assessment of tumour cell cycle kinetics in routinely processed surgical biopsy material

A Three-Sample Study of Perfectionism and Field Test Performance in Athletes.

Field tests are commonly used by sport scientists for performance monitoring and evaluation. While perfectionism predicts performance in a range of contexts, it is currently unclear whether perfectionism predicts performance in such tests. To address this lack of understanding, the present study examined the relationships between perfectionism and fitness-based field test performance across three athlete samples. After completing a measure of perfectionism (striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection), sample one (n = 129 student athletes) participated in a series of countermovement jumps and 20-metre sprint trials, sample two (n = 136 student athletes) participated in an agility task, and sample three (n = 116 junior athletes) participated in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level one). Striving for perfection predicted better sprint and Yo-Yo test performance. Negative reactions to imperfection predicted worse sprint performance. Mini meta-analyses of the combined data (N = 381) showed that striving for perfection was positively related to performance (r+ = .24), but negative reactions to imperfection was unrelated to performance (r+ = -.05). The present findings indicate that striving for perfection may predict better fitness-based field test performance, while negative reactions to imperfection appears to be ambiguous