Configurational entropy of black hole quantum cores

Two types of information entropy are studied for the quantum states of a model for the matter core inside a black hole geometry. A detailed description is first given of the quantum mechanical picture leading to a spectrum of bound states for a collapsing ball of dust in general relativity with a non-trivial ground state. Information entropies are then computed, shedding new light on the stability of the ground state and the spectrum of higher excited states.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, improved versio

Expectation Maximization in Deep Probabilistic Logic Programming

Probabilistic Logic Programming (PLP) combines logic and probability for representing and reasoning over domains with uncertainty. Hierarchical probability Logic Programming (HPLP) is a recent language of PLP whose clauses are hierarchically organized forming a deep neural network or arithmetic circuit. Inference in HPLP is done by circuit evaluation and learning is therefore cheaper than any generic PLP language. We present in this paper an Expectation Maximization algorithm, called Expectation Maximization Parameter learning for HIerarchical Probabilistic Logic programs (EMPHIL), for learning HPLP parameters. The algorithm converts an arithmetic circuit into a Bayesian network and performs the belief propagation algorithm over the corresponding factor graph

A Comparison of MCMC Sampling for Probabilistic Logic Programming

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are a class of algorithms used to perform approximate inference in probabilistic models. When direct sampling from a probability distribution is difficult, MCMC algorithms provide accurate results by constructing a Markov chain that gradually approximates the desired distribution. In this paper we describe and compare the performances of two MCMC sampling algorithms, Gibbs sampling and Metropolis Hastings sampling, with rejection sampling for probabilistic logic programs. In particular, we analyse the relation between execution time and number of samples and how fast each algorithm converges

Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic hypothermia is recommended for comatose adults after witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but data about this intervention in children are limited. METHODS: We conducted this trial of two targeted temperature interventions at 38 children\u27s hospitals involving children who remained unconscious after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Within 6 hours after the return of circulation, comatose patients who were older than 2 days and younger than 18 years of age were randomly assigned to therapeutic hypothermia (target temperature, 33.0 degrees C) or therapeutic normothermia (target temperature, 36.8 degrees C). The primary efficacy outcome, survival at 12 months after cardiac arrest with a Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, second edition (VABS-II), score of 70 or higher (on a scale from 20 to 160, with higher scores indicating better function), was evaluated among patients with a VABS-II score of at least 70 before cardiac arrest. RESULTS: A total of 295 patients underwent randomization. Among the 260 patients with data that could be evaluated and who had a VABS-II score of at least 70 before cardiac arrest, there was no significant difference in the primary outcome between the hypothermia group and the normothermia group (20% vs. 12%; relative likelihood, 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 2.76; P=0.14). Among all the patients with data that could be evaluated, the change in the VABS-II score from baseline to 12 months was not significantly different (P=0.13) and 1-year survival was similar (38% in the hypothermia group vs. 29% in the normothermia group; relative likelihood, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.79; P=0.13). The groups had similar incidences of infection and serious arrhythmias, as well as similar use of blood products and 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In comatose children who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, therapeutic hypothermia, as compared with therapeutic normothermia, did not confer a significant benefit in survival with a good functional outcome at 1 year. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; THAPCA-OH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00878644.)

KEu(MoO4)(2): Polymorphism, Structures, and Luminescent Properties

In this paper, with the example of two different polymorphs of KEu(MoO4)(2), the influence of the ordering of the A-cations on the luminescent properties in scheelite related compounds (A',A '') [(B',B '')O-4](m) is investigated. The polymorphs were synthesized using a solid state method. The study confirmed the existence of only two polymorphic forms at annealing temperature range 923-1203 K and ambient pressure: a low temperature anorthic alpha-phase and a monoclinic high temperature beta-phase with an incommensurately modulated structure. The structures of both polymorphs were solved using transmission electron microscopy and refined from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. The monoclinic beta-KEu(MoO4)(2) has a (3+1)-dimensional incommensurately modulated structure (superspace group I2/b(alpha beta 0)00, a = 5.52645(4) angstrom, b = 5.28277(4) angstrom, c = 11.73797(8) angstrom, gamma = 91.2189(4)degrees, q = 0.56821(2)a*-0.12388(3)b*), whereas the anorthic alpha-phase is (3+1)-dimensional commensurately modulated (superspace group I (1) over bar(alpha beta gamma)0, a = 5.58727(22) angstrom, b = 5.29188(18)angstrom, c = 11.7120(4) angstrom, alpha = 90.485(3)degrees, beta = 88.074(3)degrees, gamma = 91.0270(23)degrees, q = 1/2a* + 1/2c*). In both cases the modulation arises due to Eu/K cation ordering at the A site: the formation of a 2-dimensional Eu3+ network is characteristic for the alpha-phase, while a 3-dimensional Eu3+-framework is observed for the beta-phase structure. The luminescent properties of KEu(MoO4)(2) samples prepared under different annealing conditions were measured, and the relation between their optical properties and their structures is discussed

LSST Science Book, Version 2.0

A survey that can cover the sky in optical bands over wide fields to faint magnitudes with a fast cadence will enable many of the exciting science opportunities of the next decade. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will have an effective aperture of 6.7 meters and an imaging camera with field of view of 9.6 deg^2, and will be devoted to a ten-year imaging survey over 20,000 deg^2 south of +15 deg. Each pointing will be imaged 2000 times with fifteen second exposures in six broad bands from 0.35 to 1.1 microns, to a total point-source depth of r~27.5. The LSST Science Book describes the basic parameters of the LSST hardware, software, and observing plans. The book discusses educational and outreach opportunities, then goes on to describe a broad range of science that LSST will revolutionize: mapping the inner and outer Solar System, stellar populations in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, the structure of the Milky Way disk and halo and other objects in the Local Volume, transient and variable objects both at low and high redshift, and the properties of normal and active galaxies at low and high redshift. It then turns to far-field cosmological topics, exploring properties of supernovae to z~1, strong and weak lensing, the large-scale distribution of galaxies and baryon oscillations, and how these different probes may be combined to constrain cosmological models and the physics of dark energy.Comment: 596 pages. Also available at full resolution at http://www.lsst.org/lsst/sciboo