Not Your Older Brother’s Bonds: The Use and Regulation of Social-Impact Bonds in the United States

Smarta elnät är en av lösningarna för att uppnå EUs klimatmål den s.k. 20-20-20-satsningen. Klimatmålen innefattar bl.a. ökad energiproduktion från förnybara energikällor och ökad energieffektivisering, detta anses nödvändigt för att hindra den globala uppvärmningen samt uppnå en bättre och mer hållbar framtid.   Den elektriska energins svaghet är den begränsade möjligheten till effektiv och storskalig lagring. Eftersom den förnybara energin har en väderberoende produktion ska smarta elnät hjälpa konsumenten att styra energikonsumtionen efter hur energiproduktionen varierar. Det finns planer på ett smart elnät som genom att integrera avancerade informations- och kontrolltekniker ska samla in information från producenter och konsumenter för att sedan agera utifrån det "smartaste" alternativet. För att maximera användandet av den producerade förnybara energin kan en lösning vara att konstruera flera energilager där energi kan lagras under t.ex. blåsiga och soliga väderförhållanden. Vad som skulle kunna användas som energilager i framtiden är bl.a. elbilar och industrier. För implementering av smarta elnät är dynamic rating en viktig pusselbit. Med hjälp av sensorer ska information kunna mätas i realtid för att på så sätt maximera nyttjandegraden av energiproduktionen och elnätet.   Idag är Vecturas uppdrag inom elinfrastruktur till stor del inriktade på järnvägsanläggningar. Eftersom Vectura har en vilja att vidga sin verksamhet inom det elektrotekniska området finns ett intresse att bredda sig till andra områden inom elinfrastruktur t.ex. smarta elnät och dynamic rating. För att Vectura ska lyckas med denna uppgift är vidareutbildning av sina konsulter att rekommendera inom områdena: energilager, sensorer samt förnybar energi. Vattenkraft, vindkraft och solkraft är de viktigaste förnyelsebara energikällorna på svensk elmarknad.Smart Grid is one of the solutions to achieve the European Union climate targets, "the 20-20-20- targets". These targets include e.g. higher energy-production from renewable sources and increased energy efficiency. The purpose of these targets is to prevent global warming in order to achieve a better and more sustainable future.   The weakness with electric energy is the limited possibility of effective and large-scale storage. With solar power plants and wind power plants, the energy will only be produced under favorable weather conditions. By using Smart Grid the energy consumption, the energy production and the grid can be controlled in a higher scale than today. This will be done by advanced information- and control-technology which will gather and act on information from suppliers and consumers and then act upon the "smartest" alternative. According to the power industry several energy storage units must be built due to store the energy in terms of maximize the benefits of renewable energy during windy or sunny weather, when renewable energy is produced as its best. Some experts in the field believe that electric cars or industries could be possible energy storage units. Another advantage with Smart Grid is the ability for consumers to produce their own electric energy and sell the surplus to the energy market. Dynamic Rating is an important part of the implementation of Smart Grid and can best be described with the words "increasing the level of utilization". By using sensors, information should be measured in real time to maximize the utilization rate of the energy production, the energy consumption and the grid.   Today, Vectura's mission in electricity infrastructure is largely focused on rail infrastructure. Now, they have a desire to extend their business in the field of electrical engineering, e.g. Smart Grid and Dynamic Rating. If Vectura will be able to start work on Smart Grids and Dynamic Rating in order to expand their business, training for its consultants is recommended in these areas: energy storage, sensors and renewable energy. Hydro power, wind power and solar power are the main renewable energy sources in the Swedish electricity market

Performance of finned thermal capacitors

The performance of typical thermal capacitors, both in earth and orbital environments, was investigated. Techniques which were used to make predictions of thermal behavior in a one-g earth environment are outlined. Orbital performance parameters are qualitatively discussed, and those effects expected to be important under zero-g conditions are outlined. A summary of thermal capacitor applications are documentated, along with significant problem areas and current configurations. An experimental program was conducted to determine typical one-g performance, and the physical significance of these data is discussed in detail. Numerical techniques were employed to allow comparison between analytical and experimental data

Solar residential heating and cooling system

System has been placed in operation to verify technical feasibility of using solar energy to provide residential heating and cooling. Complete system analysis was performed to provide design information

A design handbook for phase change thermal control and energy storage devices

Comprehensive survey is given of the thermal aspects of phase change material devices. Fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer within the phase change device are discussed. Performance in zero-g and one-g fields are examined as it relates to such a device. Computer models for phase change materials, with metal fillers, undergoing conductive and convective processes are detailed. Using these models, extensive parametric data are presented for a hypothetical configuration with a rectangular phase change housing, using straight fins as the filler, and paraffin as the phase change material. These data are generated over a range of realistic sizes, material properties, and thermal boundary conditions. A number of illustrative examples are given to demonstrate use of the parametric data. Also, a complete listing of phase change material property data are reproduced herein as an aid to the reader

Solar residential heating and cooling system development test program

A solar heating and cooling system is described, which was installed in a simulated home at Marshall Space Flight Center. Performance data are provided for the checkout and initial operational phase for key subsystems and for the total system. Valuable information was obtained with regard to operation of a solar cooling system during the first summer of operation. Areas where improvements and modifications are required to optimize such a system are discussed

Design and operation of a solar heating and cooling system for a residential size building

The first year of operation of solar house is discussed. Selected design information, together with a brief system description is included. The house was equipped with an integrated solar heating and cooling system which uses fully automated state-of-the art. Evaluation of the data indicate that the solar house heating and cooling system is capable of supplying nearly 100 percent of the thermal energy required for heating and approximately 50 percent of the thermal energy required to operate the absorption cycle air conditioner