Some cardinal invariants on the space Cα(X,Y)

AbstractLet Cα(X,Y) be the set of all continuous functions from X to Y endowed with the set-open topology where α is a hereditarily closed, compact network on X such that closed under finite unions. We define two properties (E1) and (E2) on the triple (α,X,Y) which yield new equalities and inequalities between some cardinal invariants on Cα(X,Y) and some cardinal invariants on the spaces X, Y such as: TheoremIf Y is an equiconnected space with a base consisting of φ-convex sets, then for each f∈C(X,Y), χ(f,Cα(X,Y))=αa(X).we(f(X)).CorollaryLet Y be a noncompact metric space and let the triple (α,X,Y) satisfy (E1). The following are equivalent: (i)Cα(X,Y) is a first-countable space.(ii)π-character of the space Cα(X,Y) is countable.(iii)Cα(X,Y) is of pointwise countable type.(iv)There exists a compact subset K of Cα(X,Y) such that π-character of K in the space Cα(X,Y) is countable.(v)αa(X)⩽ℵ0.(vi)Cα(X,Y) is metrizable.(vii)Cα(X,Y) is a q-space.(viii)There exists a sequence {On:n∈ω} of nonempty open subset of Cα(X,Y) such that each sequence {gn:n∈ω} with gn∈On for each n∈ω, has a cluster point in Cα(X,Y)

Automated drowsiness detection for improved driving safety

Several approaches were proposed for the detection and prediction of drowsiness. The approaches can be categorized as estimating the fitness of duty, modeling the sleep-wake rhythms, measuring the vehicle based performance and online operator monitoring. Computer vision based online operator monitoring approach has become prominent due to its predictive ability of detecting drowsiness. Previous studies with this approach detect driver drowsiness primarily by making preassumptions about the relevant behavior, focusing on blink rate, eye closure, and yawning. Here we employ machine learning to datamine actual human behavior during drowsiness episodes. Automatic classifiers for 30 facial actions from the Facial Action Coding system were developed using machine learning on a separate database of spontaneous expressions. These facial actions include blinking and yawn motions, as well as a number of other facial movements. In addition, head motion was collected through automatic eye tracking and an accelerometer. These measures were passed to learning-based classifiers such as Adaboost and multinomial ridge regression. The system was able to predict sleep and crash episodes during a driving computer game with 96% accuracy within subjects and above 90% accuracy across subjects. This is the highest prediction rate reported to date for detecting real drowsiness. Moreover, the analysis revealed new information about human behavior during drowsy drivin

Discrimination of moderate and acute drowsiness based on spontaneous facial expressions

It is important for drowsiness detection systems to identify different levels of drowsiness and respond appropriately at each level. This study explores how to discriminate moderate from acute drowsiness by applying computer vision techniques to the human face. In our previous study, spontaneous facial expressions measured through computer vision techniques were used as an indicator to discriminate alert from acutely drowsy episodes. In this study we are exploring which facial muscle movements are predictive of moderate and acute drowsiness. The effect of temporal dynamics of action units on prediction performances is explored by capturing temporal dynamics using an overcomplete representation of temporal Gabor Filters. In the final system we perform feature selection to build a classifier that can discriminate moderate drowsy from acute drowsy episodes. The system achieves a classification rate of .96 A’ in discriminating moderately drowsy versus acutely drowsy episodes. Moreover the study reveals new information in facial behavior occurring during different stages of drowsiness

Boron toxicity tolerance in barley may be related to intrinsically higher levels of reactive oxygen species in the shoots

There is considerable intra-and interspecific variation in boron (B) toxicity tolerance in crop plants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in tolerance to excess B in barley (Hordeum vulgare) in the early stages of plant development. To do this, B-sensitive (Bülbül-89) and B-tolerant (Tarm-92) barley cultivars were grown hydroponically under control and B stress conditions (10 mM H3 BO3 ) for 4 or 7 days. The hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolic, total flavonoid, anthocyanin, proline, and total sugar contents, as well as DPPH radical scavenging capacity, were then determined for both cultivars. Our results showed that B treatment led to significant increases in the B concentration of the barley cultivars for both exposure times. However, there were no drastic differences in the B concentration of the roots and shoots between the sensitive and tolerant cultivars. While the dry root weight of Bülbül-89 was reduced after 7 days of B stress (p < 0.05), such a decrease was not observed in Tarm-92. The H2 O2 , MDA, proline, total sugar, and anthocyanin contents of both cultivars increased considerably in response to excess B during at least one treatment period (p < 0.05). The H2 O2 content of Tarm-92 under control and B stress conditions was significantly greater than that of Bülbül-89, but there was no difference in the MDA content and radical scavenging capacity between the two cultivars. Finally, a 35% increase was found in the total flavonoid content of the Tarm-92 seedlings exposed to B stress for 4 days. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that tolerance to B toxicity in barley seedlings may be related to their capacity to tolerate higher levels of reactive oxygen species

Oxidative stress of crystalline lens in rat menopausal model

Purpose: To evaluate lenticular oxidative stress in rat menopausal models. Methods: Forty Wistar female albino rats were included in this study. A total of thirty rats underwent oophorectomy to generate a menopausal model. Ten rats that did not undergo oophorectomy formed the control group (Group 1). From the rats that underwent oophorectomy, 10 formed the menopause control group (Group 2), 10 were administered a daily injection of methylprednisolone until the end of the study (Group 3), and the remaining 10 rats were administered intraperitoneal streptozocin to induce diabetes mellitus (Group 4). Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative stress index (OSI) measurements of the crystalline lenses were analyzed. Results: The mean OSI was the lowest in group 1 and highest in group 4. Nevertheless, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant in terms of OSI (p > 0.05). The mean TOS values were similar between the groups (p > 0.05), whereas the mean TAC of group 1 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicate that menopause may not promote cataract formation

Snapshot evaluation of acute and chronic heart failure in real-life in Turkey: a follow-up data for mortality

Objective: Heart failure (HF) is a progressive clinical syndrome. SELFIE-TR is a registry illustrating the overall HF patient profile of Turkey. Herein, all-cause mortality (ACM) data during follow-up were provided. Methods: This is a prospective outcome analysis of SELFIE-TR. Patients were classified as acute HF (AHF) versus chronic HF (CHF) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with mid-range ejection fraction, and HF with preserved ejection fraction and were followed up for ACM. Results: There were 1054 patients with a mean age of 63.3±13.3 years and with a median follow-up period of 16 (7–17) months. Survival data within 1 year were available in 1022 patients. Crude ACM was 19.9% for 1 year in the whole group. ACM within 1 year was 13.7% versus 32.6% in patients with CHF and AHF, respectively (p<0.001). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, beta blocker, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist were present in 70.6%, 88.2%, and 50.7%, respectively. In the whole cohort, survival curves were graded according to guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) scores ?1 versus 2 versus 3 as 28% versus 20.2% versus 12.2%, respectively (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis of the whole cohort yielded age (p=0.009) and AHF (p=0.028) as independent predictors of mortality in 1 year. Conclusion: One-year mortality is high in Turkish patients with HF compared with contemporary cohorts with AHF and CHF. Of note, GDMT score is influential on 1-year mortality being the most striking one on chronic HFrEF. On the other hand, in the whole cohort, age and AHF were the only independent predictors of death in 1 yea

Some New Completeness Properties in Topological Spaces

One of the most widely known completeness property is the completeness of metric spaces and the other one being of a topological space in the sense of Cech. It is well known that a metrizable space X is completely metrizable if and only if X is Cech-complete. One of the generalisations of completeness of metric spaces is subcompactness. It has been established that, for metrizable spaces, subcompactness is equivalent to Cech-completeness. Also the concept of domain representability can be considered as a completeness property. In [1], Bennett and Lutzer proved that Cech-complete spaces are domain representable. They also proved, in [2], that subcompact regular spaces are domain representable. Then Fleissner and Yengulalp, in [3], gave a simplified characterization of domain representability. In this work, we introduce the completeness of a quasi-pair-base and study the topological spaces having such a base. Our results include the fact that Cech-complete spaces and subcompact spaces have complete quasi-pair-basis, and we prove that if a topological space X has a complete quasi-pair-base then X is domain representable

Domain representability of retracts

We prove that every retract of a domain representable space is domain representable. Consequently, we obtained that if C-p (X) is a countable union of its closed subcompact subspaces then X is discrete. This solves Question 7 in [5]

On weaker forms of the chain (F) condition and metacompactness-like covering properties in the product spaces

We introduce the concept of a family of sets generating another family. Then we prove that if X is a topological space and X has W = {W(x): x a X} which is finitely generated by a countable family satisfying (F) which consists of families each Noetherian of omega-rank, then X is metaLindelof as well as a countable product of them. We also prove that if W satisfies omega-rank (F) and, for every x a X, W(x) is of the form W (0)(x) a(a) W (1)(x), where W (0)(x) is Noetherian and W (1)(x) consists of neighbourhoods of x, then X is metacompact

Some upper bounds for density of function spaces

Let C-alpha(X, Y) be the set of all continuous functions from X to Y endowed with the set-open topology where alpha is a hereditarily closed, compact network on X which is closed Under finite unions. We proved that the density of the space C-alpha(X, Y) is at most iw(X) . d(Y) where iw(X) denotes the i-weight of the Tychonoff space X, and d(Y) denotes the density of the space Y when Y is an equiconnected space with equiconnecting function psi, and Y has a base consists of psi-convex Subsets of Y. We also prove that the equiconnectedness of the space Y cannot be replaced with pathwise connectedness of Y. In fact, it is shown that for each infinite cardinal kappa, there is a pathwise connected space Y Such that pi-weight of Y is kappa, but Souslin number of the Space C-kappa(vertical bar 0, 1 vertical bar, Y) is 2(kappa)