A new species of Scinax Wagler (Anura: Hylidae) from Paraná, Southern Brazil

In this article, we describe a new species of Scinax from the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, based on the external morphologyof adults and their advertisement calls. The new species is diagnosed by the size of its males (SVL 27.8?31.6mm); the snout subovoid in the dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile; the vocal sac subgular and ventrally notreaching the pectoral region; and the advertisement call composed of a single pulsed note with 7?13 pulses, and a durationof 0.16?0.25s. This new species occurs in natural highland grassland formations, in the threatened ecosystem of the AtlanticForest in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil.Fil: Conte, Carlos E.. Instituto neotropical; BrasilFil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Crivellari, Lucas B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Von Muller Berneck, Bianca. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi

The Green Clade grows: A phylogenetic analysis of Aplastodiscus (Anura; Hylidae)

Green tree frogs of the genus Aplastodiscus occur in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes of South America. The genus comprises 15 medium-sized species placed in three species groups diagnosed mainly by cloacal morphology. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted to: (1) test the monophyly of these species groups; (2) explore the phylogenetic relationships among putative species; and (3) investigate species boundaries. The dataset included eight mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments for up to 6642 bp per specimen. The results strongly support the monophyly of Aplastodiscus and of the A. albofrenatus and A. perviridis groups. Aplastodiscus sibilatus is the sister taxon of all other species of Aplastodiscus, making the A. albosignatus Group non-monophyletic as currently defined. At least six unnamed species are recognized for Aplastodiscus, increasing the diversity of the genus by 40%. A fourth species group, the A. sibilatus Group is recognized. Aplastodiscus musicus is transferred from the A. albofrenatus Group to the A. albosignatus Group, and A. callipygius is considered a junior synonym of A. albosignatus. Characters related to external cloacal morphology reveal an interesting evolutionary pattern of parallelisms and reversions, suggesting an undocumented level of complexity. We analyze, in light of our phylogenetic results, the evolution of reproductive biology and chromosome morphology in Aplastodiscus.Fil: Von Muller Berneck, Bianca. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Haddad, Célio F.B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Lucio Lyra, Mariana. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Cruz, Carlos A.G.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentin

Data from: Systematics of spiny-backed treefrogs (Hylidae: Osteocephalus): an Amazonian puzzle

Spiny-backed tree frogs of the genus Osteocephalus are conspicuous components of the tropical wet forests of the Amazon and the Guiana Shield. Here, we revise the phylogenetic relationships of Osteocephalus and its sister group Tepuihyla, using up to 6134 bp of DNA sequences of nine mitochondrial and one nuclear gene for 338 specimens from eight countries and 218 localities, representing 89% of the 28 currently recognized nominal species. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal (i) the paraphyly of Osteocephalus with respect to Tepuihyla, (ii) the placement of ‘Hyla’ warreni as sister to Tepuihyla, (iii) the non-monophyly of several currently recognized species within Osteocephalus and (iv) the presence of low (<1%) and overlapping genetic distances among phenotypically well-characterized nominal species (e.g. O. taurinus and O. oophagus) for the 16S gene fragment used in amphibian DNA barcoding. We propose a new taxonomy, securing the monophyly of Osteocephalus and Tepuihyla by rearranging and redefining the content of both genera and also erect a new genus for the sister group of Osteocephalus. The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy for Osteocephalus. We recognize and define five monophyletic species groups within Osteocephalus, synonymize three species of Osteocephalus (O. germani, O. phasmatus and O. vilmae) and three species of Tepuihyla (T. celsae, T. galani and T. talbergae) and reallocate three species (Hyla helenae to Osteocephalus, O. exophthalmus to Tepuihyla and O. pearsoni to Dryaderces gen. n.). Furthermore, we flag nine putative new species (an increase to 138% of the current diversity). We conclude that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies within Osteocephalus is discussed in the light of this new phylogenetic hypothesis, and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described

Osteocephalus_DNA_Sequences_Partitions_All_Terminals

This nexus file includes all the DNA sequences of all terminals analyzed in the publication. Partitions per marker and condon are included. Terminals are labelled with field or laboratory codes. Information about all terminals (including current taxonomyc classification, voucher codes, localities, and GenBank accession codes) can be found in the Appendix S2 of the Additional Supporting Information in the online version of this article