Wargaming, an Enforcer of Strategic Realism: 1919-1942

Wargaming in peace prepares for war. This is a simple and straightforward assumption in both civilian and service world views. Whether board games, computer models, or fleet exercises, there is a notion that such mental simulation encourages operational readiness—it is the recipe for victory

The Naval War College and the Origins of War-Planning Against Japan

In the first decade of this century, the Naval War College played a leading role in the newly institutionalized war planning process. One of the first plans, and the first transoceanic plan, was the Orange Special Situation against Japan

HM 4: The Blue Sword: The Naval War College and the American Mission, 1919-1941

From 1919 to 1941, the Navy, indoctrinated at Newport, formed the institutional patterns of kinship between two paradigms: what Frederick Merk called Manifest Destiny and Mission.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/usnwc-historical-monographs/1003/thumbnail.jp

War Experience and Force Requirements

Naval force requirements—how we size the fleet—are framed by national policies for war. These policies, however indirectly, mandate Navy missions. To fulfill these missions, a fleet must be big enough and capable enough to do the job

Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt in the induction of muscle protein degradation by proteolysis-inducing factor

In the present study the role of Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) in PIF- (proteolysis-inducing factor) induced protein degradation has been investigated in murine myotubes. PIF induced transient phosphorylation of Akt at Ser(473) within 30 min, which was attenuated by the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Protein degradation was attenuated in myotubes expressing a dominant-negative mutant of Akt (termed DNAkt), compared with the wild-type variant, whereas it was enhanced in myotubes containing a constitutively active Akt construct (termed MyrAkt). A similar effect was observed on the induction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Phosphorylation of Akt has been linked to up-regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway through activation of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) in a PI3K-dependent process. Protein degradation was attenuated by rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), when added before, or up to 30 min after, addition of PIF. PIF induced transient phosphorylation of mTOR and the 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase. These results suggest that transient activation of Akt results in an increased protein degradation through activation of NF-kappaB and that this also allows for a specific synthesis of proteasome subunits