Sajnovics’s Demonstratio and Gyarmathi’s Affinitas : Terminology and methodology

János Sajnovics and Sámuel Gyarmathi are usually appreciated as the first scholars to have proven the relatedness of the Finno-Ugric languages. This paper argues that the significance of Demonstratio and Affinitas lies not so much in their contribution to the idea of relatedness (since that had been in the air before them) as in the synthesis they give. Sajnovics and Gyarmathi arranged previously known but unsystematic information and arguments into a clear and coherent structure. They applied the principles of linguistic comparison very consciously and pointed out the importance of the evidence of grammar. The most important aspect of their work is the way it anticipated the methods of modern linguistics: deduction, logical inference, philological methods with Sajnovics, and reconstruction and the assumption of hypothetical transitional forms with Gyarmathi. In its purpose, Sajnovics’s book is closer to genealogical comparison, Gyarmathi’s to typological comparison

A kiégés vizsgálata a munkahelyi elégedettség, a szervezeti elkötelezettség és a motiváció függvényében orvosok körében

Jelen tanulmány arra a kérdésre keresi a választ, hogy az orvosok milyen kiégési értékekkel rendelkeznek, és ezek milyen összefüggésben állnak az esetükben mért munkahelyi elégedettséggel, szervezeti elkötelezettséggel és motivációval. Vajon az az orvos, aki elégedett a munkájával, elkötelezett a szervezet iránt és megfelelő motivációs szinttel rendelkezik,valóban alacsonyabb kiégési értékeket fog mutatni? Milyen lehet az összefüggés e három tényező között? Különböző szakterületen dolgozó orvosok különböző értékeket fognak mutatni? Kutatásunkban négy csoportot vizsgáltunk: belgyógyászok, háziorvosok/házi gyermekorvosok, traumatológusok és pszichiáterek csoportját. Az eltérő típusú munka és betegszám elég okot adhat a különbségekre. Vizsgáltuk az életkor, a nem és az ügyelet vállalásának befolyását a kiégés szindróma kialakulására

Sajnovics’s Demonstratio (1770) A linguistic treatise based on methods of natural sciences

Sajnovics János (1733–1785) was the author of the basic work of comparative linguistics (Demonstratio 1770), which is considered the first scientific demonstration of the affinity of Hungarian and a Finno-Ugric language, Saami. This work was created on the occasion of the 1769 astronomical expedition in Denmark as unplanned side research. After the expedition the leader, Maximilian Hell reported on the transition of Venus (Transitio Veneris) and his assistant, János Sajnovics on the Hungarian–Lappish linguistic identity (Demonstratio).[1] This paper will deal with the scientific research methodology of Demonstratio comparing it with the methodology applied in Hell’s astronomical treatise. We also consider some contemporary critics of the methodology of Demonstratio.   [1] In this paper I will use the term Lappish instead of politically correct Saami, according to the 18th-century terminology

Changes in the algal composition, bacterial metabolic activity and element content of biofilms developed on artificial substrata in the early phase of colonization

Changes in the algal composition and metabolic profiles of bacterial communities as well as the inorganic components were studied on artificial substrata during the early phase of biofilm formation under laboratory conditions in September 2002 and 2003. Sterile Perspex and polished quartz glass discs with a diameter of 3 cm were placed into a Perspex rack, which was immersed vertically in an aquarium containing water from a shallow soda lake. The temperature was kept constant and sufficient oxygen supply was provided. The samples were illuminated for 12 hours a day. Periphyton communities were sampled from 2 to 126 hours of exposure. In both experiments, the alteration of the number of algal species and cells as well as the carbon source utilization of microbial communities was logarithmic. In the two years, considerable differences were revealed in the magnitude of algal cell numbers. The proportion of benthic and planktonic algae showed an undulating pattern in the second experiment. One of the dominant benthic species was the diatom Achnanthidium minutissimum Kütz., while that of the planktonic, the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. During the experiments an increase in the bacterial activities could be observed; the higher the microbial diversity and abundance that was detected, the more BIOLOG carbon sources were utilized. The examined element contents indicated interactions among algae and bacteria in the biofilms from the beginning of the colonization processes

Effect of Anharmonicity on the Kondo Phenomena of a Magnetic Ion Vibrating in a Confinement Potential

Effect of anharmonicity of a cage potential for a magnetic ion vibrating in a metal is investigated by the numerical renormalization group method. The cage potential is assumed to be one-dimensional and of the double-well type. In the absence of the Coulomb interaction, we find continuous crossover among the three limiting cases: Yu-Anderson-type Kondo regime, the double-well-type Kondo one, and the renormalized Fermi chain one. In the entire parameter space of the double-well potential, the ground state is described by a local Fermi liquid. In the Yu-Anderson-type Kondo regime, a quantum phase transition to the ground state with odd parity takes place passing through the two-channel Kondo fixed point when the Coulomb interaction increases. Therefore, the vibration of a magnetic ion in an oversized cage structure is a promising route to the two-channel Kondo effect.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for JPS

Dynamics of Tunneling Centers in Metallic Systems

Dynamics of tunneling centers (TC) in metallic systems is studied, using the technique of bosonization. The interaction of the TC with the conduction electrons of the metal involves two processes, namely, the screening of the TC by electrons, and the so-called electron assisted tunneling. The presence of the latter process leads to a different form of the renormalized tunneling frequency of the TC, and the tunneling motion is damped with a temperature dependent relaxation rate. As the temperature is lowered, the relaxation rate per temperature shows a steep rise as opposed to that in the absence of electron assisted process. It is expected that this behavior should be observed at very low temperatures in a careful experiment. The present work thus tries to go beyond the existing work on the {\it dynamics} of a two-level system in metals, by treating the electron assisted process.Comment: REVTeX twocolumn format, 5 pages, two PostScript figures available on request. Preprint # : imsc 94/3

Kondo Temperature for the Two-Channel Kondo Models of Tunneling Centers

The possibility for a two-channel Kondo ($2CK$) non Fermi liquid state to appear in a metal as a result of the interaction between electrons and movable structural defects is revisited. As usual, the defect is modeled by a heavy particle moving in an almost symmetric double-well potential (DWP). Taking into account only the two lowest states in DWP is known to lead to a Kondo-like Hamiltonian with rather low Kondo temperature, $T_K$. We prove that, in contrast to previous believes, the contribution of higher excited states in DWP does not enhance $T_K$. On the contrary, $T_K$ is reduced by three orders of magnitude as compared with the two-level model: the prefactor in $T_K$ is determined by the spacing between the second and the third levels in DWP rather than by the electron Fermi energy. Moreover, $T_K$, turns out to be parametrically smaller than the splitting between the two lowest levels. Therefore, there is no microscopic model of movable defects which may justify non-Fermi liquid $2CK$ phenomenology.Comment: 5 pages, 4 .eps figure

Collections of Customary Law in East Central Europe Using the Example of Opus Tripartitum

Customary law dominated at the beginning of the development of all legal systems, and this status persisted until the times when they were equaled by laws of the authorities disposing of necessary state power. However, even then, customs were not instantly sidelined, and these two sources were engaged in competition for centuries. Mention was topical, with certain exceptions and individualities, even regarding the legal systems of Central and Eastern Europe. The most widely known compilation of this provenance was Stephen Werbőczy’s collection of customary law from the second decade of the 16 th century that became famous under the name Opus Tripartitum. Using it as an example, we can demonstrate typical legal development in this period, not only for the Kingdom of Hungary but also for several neighboring countries. The main goal of this article is to point out the historical development of its origin, identify the authorial spirit in which it was written, and clarify the conflict between customary and written law, which was resolved determinatively by reason of this compilation in favor of the first for the next centuries

The 2-Channel Kondo Model II: CFT Calculation of Non-Equilibrium Conductance through a Nanoconstriction containing 2-Channel Kondo Impurities

Recent experiments by Ralph and Buhrman on zero-bias anomalies in quenched Cu nanoconstrictions (reviewed in the preceding paper, I), are in accord with the assumption that the interaction between electrons and nearly degenerate two-level systems in the constriction can be described, for sufficiently small voltages and temperatures (V,T < \Tk), by the 2-channel Kondo (2CK) model. Motivated by these experiments, we introduce a generalization of the 2CK model, which we call the nanoconstriction 2-channel Kondo model (NTKM), that takes into account the complications arising from the non-equilibrium electron distribution in the nanoconstriction. We calculate the conductance $G(V,T)$ of the constriction in the weakly non-equilibrium regime of V,T \ll \Tk by combining concepts from Hershfield's $Y$-operator formulation of non-equilibrium problems and Affleck and Ludwig's exact conformal field theory (CFT) solution of the 2CK problem (CFT technicalities are discussed in a subsequent paper, III). Finally, we extract from the conductance a universal scaling curve $\Gamma(v)$ and compare it with experiment. Combining our results with those of Hettler, Kroha and Hershfield, we conclude that the NTKM achieves quantitative agreement with the experimental scaling data.Comment: Final published version (minor revisions only), 41 pages RevTeX, 9 encapsulated postscript figure