The Effects of an Adoption in Hindu and English Law: A Comparative Study.

The subject of the thesis has been dealt with under ten chapters. In each of the chapters the Hindu law has been discussed in its various aspects, including the Smriti law on the subject, the views of the commentators, the judicial decisions and the position under the Anglo- Hindu law, the present law under the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956, and compared with the corresponding English and other laws on the subject. I have considered or referred to about seven hundred judicial decisions and also given ray own views and suggestions wherever appropriate The first chapter deals, among other toxics, with the object of adoption, and the sources and history of the Hindu and English Adoption laws. The next few chapters deal with the comparative effects of adoption in the two legal systems in the child's natural and adoptive families and the adoptee's right to succeed to relations in the maternal and paternal families of the adoptive father. Chapter Vi deals exhaustively with the important question of the doctrine of 'relation back' from its inception to the latest Supreme Court decisions and the views of different writers on the subject and my own. Other topics- include ante-adoption agreements and the effect of adoption in forms other than the dattaka. I have shown the close similarity between the present day Hindu and English laws of adoption especially in so far as the effects of the institution are concerned as compared to many other countries where the laws are not as strictly logical. I have also discussed why the adoption of daughters should have been recognised even under the Pre-HAMA period. In the concluding chapter I have discussed various current problems especially the necessity of having an adoption law in India for communities other than Hindus also, who at present have no legally recognised adoption law. I have suggested that there should be, for a period, a two-fold legal institution of adoption, one based upon the Sastra (the Dattaka form) and available to Hindus and another of a purely secular kind available to all persons subject to Indian law in this regard, including the Hindus. This appears to me to be the most feasible course to be adopted under the present circumstances in India

Model Predictive Control of Modern High-Degree-of-Freedom Turbocharged Spark Ignited Engines with External Cooled EGR

The efficiency of modern downsized SI engines has been significantly improved using cooled Low-Pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Turbocharging and Variable Valve Timing actuation. Control of these sub-systems is challenging due to their inter-dependence and the increased number of actuators associated with engine control. Much research has been done on developing algorithms which improve the transient turbocharged engine response without affecting fuel-economy. With the addition of newer technologies like external cooled EGR the control complexity has increased exponentially. This research proposes a methodology to evaluate the ability of a Model Predictive Controller to coordinate engine and air-path actuators simultaneously. A semi-physical engine model has been developed and analyzed for non-linearity. The computational burden of implementing this control law has been addressed by utilizing a semi-physical engine system model and basic analytical differentiation. The resulting linearization process requires less than 10% of the time required for widely used numerical linearization approach. Based on this approach a Nonlinear MPC-Quadratic Program has been formulated and solved with preliminary validation applied to a 1D Engine model followed by implementation on an experimental rapid prototyping control system. The MPC based control demonstrates the ability to co-ordinate different engine and air-path actuators simultaneously for torque-tracking with minimal constraint violation. Avenues for further improvement have been identified and discussed

New evolutionary frontiers from unusual virus genomes

The sequences of two giant viral genomes, Mimivirus and a polydnavirus, have recently been published. Mimivirus has the largest known viral genome and encodes an unprecedented number of proteins, whereas the polydnavirus genome has an extremely low coding density and does not encode DNA-replication proteins. These and other unusual features challenge the way we view the evolution and definition of viruses

ROLE OF AGNIKARMA IN MANAGEMENT OF CALCENAL SPUR PAIN WITH PANCHADHATU SHALAKA

Shayla tantra is the branch of Ayurveda which deals with various treatment of various disease. Many human being in day today life suffers from pain in various diseases.gettingcured from these pain is the main aim of the patient .  Calcaneal spur is the disorder which cause very bad pain in the sole region and its management are fundamental to practice. Majority of the population suffer from heeling disorders because of many reasons such as use lifting high weight, Obesity, wearing high heel shoes. Mostly it is seen in the women.Calcaneal spur is the deposition of calcium, a bony protrusion on underside of heal bone. They are frequently associated with plantar fasciitis, a painful inflammation of fibrous band of connective tissue that run along the bottom of the foot and connect the heal bone to the ball of foot. It is somewhat painless in some people but in many people it is painful which affect the daily work of the people.Agnikarma is the karma described by Acharya Sushruta in their SushrutSamhita. According to Sushrutaagnikarma is the Shrestha karma which is useful in many diseases. The diseases which are not curable by kshar karma, medicine and many kalpas that diseases is treated by agnikarma. In day today life people want fast relief from their diseases and pain, agnikarma makes it possible to get rid from many diseases and pain. Many diseases like Piles, Fissure, Kadar etc.are treated by agnikarma

The Molecular Pathogenesis of Haemangioma

Haemangioma is a primary tumour of the microvasculature characterised by active angiogenesis and endothelial cell (EC) proliferation followed by slow regression or involution whereby the newly formed blood vessels are gradually replaced by fibrofatty tissue. These developmental changes have been arbitrarily divided into the proliferative, involuting and involuted phases. The cellular and molecular events that initiate and regulate the proliferation and spontaneous involution of haemangioma remain poorly understood. This study examined the expression of a number of genes known to be associated with angiogenesis. These include members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family of transcription factors, STAT-3 and STAT-1, and the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. While STAT-3, STAT-1 and VEGFR-1 expression was detected in all phases of haemangioma, VEGFR-2 expression was found to be abundant only during the proliferative phase and decreased with ongoing involution. In this study the cellular structures that form capillary-like outgrowths in an in vitro haemangioma explant model were characterised as haemangioma-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HaemDMSCs) while the cells obtained directly from dissociated proliferative haemangioma tissue were defined as haemangioma-derived endothelial progenitor cells (HaemDEPCs). This investigation showed that although the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key growth factor for ECs, was able to maintain HaemDEPCs morphology and immunophenotype for a limited period, these cells eventually differentiated into HaemDMSCs, which subsequently differentiated into adipocytes. Furthermore, while VEGF induced significant capillary-like sprouting from tissue explants, both capillary-like sprouting and HaemDMSCs proliferation was inhibited by the addition of AG490, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor which has also been shown to inhibit the STAT protein pathway. These findings indicate that the development and differentiation of a progenitor cell and a stem cell population underlies the aethiopathogenesis of haemangioma and that VEGF and STAT signalling is involved in the programmed life-cycle of haemangioma. The in vitro explant model for haemangioma offers an opportunity to study and identify novel treatment options for haemangioma. Interferon-alpha (IFN ) has been used to treat steroid-resistant haemangioma but is associated with serious side-affects. The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to specifically induce apoptosis of cancer cells while sparing normal cells. As IFN has previously been shown to sensitise cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, this study examined the efficacy of low dose IFN in combination with TRAIL in the in vitro explant model and also in the purified HaemDMSCs. Results showed that combining IFN with TRAIL led to synergistic inhibition of capillary-like outgrowth. These results indicate that IFN in combination with TRAIL serves as a potential treatment option for haemangioma. In contrast, HaemDMSCs were protected from TRAIL-induced killing. These cells were found to express high levels of the decoy receptors, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and decoy receptor 2 (DcR2). Increased OPG expression was also detected in the extracellular matrix and in the conditioned medium of HaemDMSCs. From these findings, we postulate that the increased level of extracellular OPG by HaemDMSCs is a stress response induced by their in vitro expansion and that secreted OPG functions as a protective shield preventing TRAIL action. The empirical and unsatisfactory nature of the current therapies for haemangioma underscores the importance of a scientific approach to this common tumour. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern haemangioma is of both clinical and biological interest as it may provide vital information with therapeutic potential for haemangioma and also for other angiogenesis-dependent conditions