Reforma constitucional, para precisar hechos de permanente incapacidad moral como causal de vacancia del presidente de la república, Tacna, 2017

El presente trabajo de investigación, ha sido desarrollado en base a una problemática presentada a finales del año 2017, donde el Congreso de la República, había planteado una Moción de Orden del Día, N° 4710, en el que contenía el pedido de vacancia, por la causal de permanente incapacidad moral del Presidente de la República, frente a ello, el Presidente de la República, sostenía que era inocente y se pretende hacer una vacancia express, y se apoyaba en que le correspondería un juicio político, mientras que el parlamento sostenía que correspondía un juicio moral, la cuestión fue la interpretación de la institución jurídica, su permanente incapacidad moral por parte del parlamento, el parlamento sostenía que mentir para ocultar hechos por conveniencia personal cuando fue ministro de Estado, era un acto inmoral, por ello el análisis y la población consultada determina que es necesario precisar los hechos de permanente incapacidad moral del Presidente y, es necesario incorporar supuestos que configuren la misma y esto genera reformar la constitución de modo parcial en el inciso 2 del Art. 113 de la Constitución Política del Perú de 1993. En base de las instituciones jurídicas analizadas en el marco teórico

Herramienta fianciera por medios de internet para la toma de decisiones en la pequeña empresa salvadoreña

Actualmente existen dos grandes áreas del saber humano que son vitales y no pueden o no deberían faltar en toda empresa que desea crecer y ser competitiva en el mercado que se desempeña, dicha áreas son las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (llamadas TIC de aquí en adelante) y las finanza

Risk factors for intradomiciliary infestation by the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata in Jutiapa, Guatemala

Seventeen variables were evaluated as possible risk factors for the intradomiciliary infestation with Triatoma dimidiata in 644 houses in Jutiapa, Guatemala. During 2004 the houses were assessed for vector presence and evaluated for hygiene, cluttering, material comfort, construction conditions and number of inhabitants, among other factors. Chi-square analysis detected significant associations between vector presence and eight variables related to domestic sanitary and construction conditions. Log-linear models showed that regardless of the age of the house, the odds of vector presence were 4.3 and 10 times lower in houses with a good socioeconomic status compared with poor and very poor houses respectively. Log-linear models also pointed to a greater chance of vector presence when walls lacked plastering (3.85 times) or walls had low quality-incomplete plastering (4.56 times), compared with walls that were completely plastered. Control strategies against T. dimidiata should include the introduction of better-quality but inexpensive plastering formulations and better sanitation practices should also be promoted among the population. Such control strategies should not only reduce or eliminate infestation, but also prevent vector reinfestation

Investigación multidisciplinaria e intersectorial en salud: Desarrollo de una nueva forma de control de los vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas

Biólogos, entomólogos, microbiológos, ingenieros, arquitectos, antropólogos y líderes comunitarios trabajan juntos para desarrollar una técnica para el control de los insectos vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas. La nueva estrategia de control está basada en modular los factores de riesgo, a través de remodelar y mejorar las viviendas de adobe o bajareque para que sean refractarias a las chinches; la remodelación incluye mejora de paredes y piso imitación cemento para que los insectos no se reproduzca dentro de la vivienda. Se usan materiales locales como cenizas volcánicas (selecto, puzolana), arena de rio, cal y una mínima cantidad de cemento. Después de capacitación, los mismos habitantes ejecutan las mejoras. Varias instituciones como las Municipalidades, el Ministerio de Salud, las Comunidades y la Universidad trabajan coordinadamente. Se han mejorado 7,000 viviendas de adobe y bajareque en Centro América y México. La evaluación de la efectividad para el control de Chagas es a través de presencia o ausencia de vectores, su distribución y la alimentación sanguínea de los insectos vectores. Se comprobó que disminuyeron las chinches, que estás se alimentan menos de humanos y que tiene la tendencia a quedarse fuera de la vivienda, lo que disminuye el contacto humano-vector. Esta alternativa de control a largo plazo es más económica que la forma tradicional de rociamiento con insecticidas

Melhorias habitacionais com participação comunitária no controle da re-infestação por Triatoma dimidiata em Jutiapa, Guatemala

The study assessed risk factors for indoor Triatoma dimidiata infestation in Guatemala and implemented interventions in household hygiene and housing construction. Four villages with persistent (post-spraying) T. dimidiata infestation were studied. An ecosystem approach was implemented with the support of the interdisciplinary team; homeowners conducted wall improvements along with improvement of household sanitation. A new plaster mix for walls was developed and used in a separate intervention. Both interventions were associated with a reduction in infestation, but only the ecosystem approach produced important housing improvements capable of preventing re-infestation in the long term

Factores de riesgo para la infestación intradomiciliaria por el vector de la enfermedad de Chagas, Triatoma dimidiata, en Jutiapa, Guatemala

The study evaluates variables such as hygienic and construction conditions of households, cultural practices, and socioeconomic status, as possible risk factors for intradomiciliary infestation by Triatoma dimidiata. Similar to other triatomines that form domestic colonies, T. dimidiata hides in cracks in earthen/adobe walls, under loose plaster, behind furniture, behind pictures or other wall ornaments, and under bed mattresses. The hygiene and construction practices of rural houses make them suitable for infestation and are directly linked to socioeconomic status and cultural practices. Approaches to control must include better wall plastering and sanitation.Seiscientas cuarenta y cuatro casas en Jutiapa, Guatemala fueron encuestadas en el año 2004 para buscar el vector de la enfermedad de Chagas Triatoma dimidiata. Diecisiete variables relacionadas con las condiciones estructurales y de higiene de las casas fueron registradas y evaluadas como factores de riesgo para la infestación intradomiciliar con T. dimidiata. Análisis chi-cuadrado detectaron asociaciones significativas entre la presencia del vector y 8 de estas variables. En modelos log-lineares se detectó, que sin importar la antigüedad de la casa, las posibilidades de presencia del vector fueron 4,3 y 10 veces más bajas en casas con un buen estado socioeconómico que en casas pobres o muy pobres, respectivamente. Además, las posibilidades de infestación fueron mayores en casas con paredes sin repello (3,85 veces) o con repellado incompleto o de mala calidad (4,56 veces), que con repellado completo. Las estrategias para el control de T. dimidiata deberían incluir la introducción de repellos baratos y de buena calidad y la promoción de mejores prácticas sanitarias. Estas estrategias no solo reducirían o eliminaría la infestación, sino también ayudaría a prevenir la reinfestación

In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of two quinoline–platinum(II) complexes on human osteosarcoma models

Platinum-based drugs, mainly cisplatin, are used for the treatment of several solid tumors such as OS. However, cisplatin treatment often results in the development of chemoresistance, leading therapeutic failure. We have previously reported that platinum complexes containing 8-hydroxyquinoline ligands have good antitumor activity against different cancer cell lines and with a different and better cytotoxic profile than cisplatin. Here, the anticancer properties of two different quinoline–platinum complexes [Pt(Cl)₂(quinoline)(dmso)] (1) [PtCl(8-O-quinoline)(dmso)] (2) on in vitro (2D and 3D) and in vivo models (xenograft tumor of human osteosarcoma in mice) are presented. In this order, [PtCl(8-O-quinoline)(dmso)] (2) impaired cell viability to have a more pronounced antitumor effect than cisplatin on MG-63 osteosarcoma cells (IC₅₀ 4 µM vs. 39 µM). Besides, [PtCl(8-O-quinoline)(dmso)] (2) increased ROS production in a dose-manner response and this compound induced early and late apoptotic fractions of human osteosarcoma cells. Finally, [PtCl(8-O-quinoline)(dmso)] (2) decreased the cell viability of multicellular spheroids and reduced the tumor volume on athymic nude mice N:NIH(S) Fox1nu without inducing side effects. In this way, [PtCl(8-O-quinoline)(dmso)] (2) did not alter the normal cytoarchitecture of liver and kidney and the blood biomarkers (GPT, GOT, uremia, and creatinine) did not suffer modifications. Taken together, our data indicate that these compounds showed a better anticancer performance than cisplatin on in vitro and in vivo studies. These results showed the importance of chelation in the antitumor properties, suggesting that the [PtCl(8-O-quinoline)(dmso)] (2) might be a promising agent for the treatment of human osteosarcoma tumors resistant to cisplatin.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasCentro de Química InorgánicaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Genetic population structure of Anopheles gambiae in Equatorial Guinea

BACKGROUND: Patterns of genetic structure among mosquito vector populations in islands have received particular attention as these are considered potentially suitable sites for experimental trials on transgenic-based malaria control strategies. In this study, levels of genetic differentiation have been estimated between populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from the islands of Bioko and Annobón, and from continental Equatorial Guinea (EG) and Gabon. METHODS: Genotyping of 11 microsatellite loci located in chromosome 3 was performed in three island samples (two in Bioko and one in Annobón) and three mainland samples (two in EG and one in Gabon). Four samples belonged to the M molecular form and two to the S-form. Microsatellite data was used to estimate genetic diversity parameters, perform demographic equilibrium tests and analyse population differentiation. RESULTS: High levels of genetic differentiation were found between the more geographically remote island of Annobón and the continent, contrasting with the shallow differentiation between Bioko island, closest to mainland, and continental localities. In Bioko, differentiation between M and S forms was higher than that observed between island and mainland samples of the same molecular form. CONCLUSION: The observed patterns of population structure seem to be governed by the presence of both physical (the ocean) and biological (the M-S form discontinuity) barriers to gene flow. The significant degree of genetic isolation between M and S forms detected by microsatellite loci located outside the "genomic islands" of speciation identified in A. gambiae s.s. further supports the hypothesis of on-going incipient speciation within this species. The implications of these findings regarding vector control strategies are discussed

P2 purinergic receptor modulation of cytokine production

Cytokines serve important functions in controlling host immunity. Cells involved in the synthesis of these polypeptide mediators have evolved highly regulated processes to ensure that production is carefully balanced. In inflammatory and immune disorders, however, mis-regulation of the production and/or activity of cytokines is recognized as a major contributor to the disease process, and therapeutics that target individual cytokines are providing very effective treatment options in the clinic. Leukocytes are the principle producers of a number of key cytokines, and these cells also express numerous members of the purinergic P2 receptor family. Studies in several cellular systems have provided evidence that P2 receptor modulation can affect cytokine production, and mechanistic features of this regulation have emerged. This review highlights three separate examples corresponding to (1) P2Y6 receptor mediated impact on interleukin (IL)-8 production, (2) P2Y11 receptor-mediated affects on IL-12/23 output, and (3) P2X7 receptor mediated IL-1β posttranslational processing. These examples demonstrate important roles of purinergic receptors in the modulation of cytokine production. Extension of these cellular observations to in vivo situations may lead to new therapeutic strategies for treating cytokine-mediated diseases