321 research outputs found
Determination of Total Flavan-3-Ols in Wines from Macedonia
Flavan-3-ols are very important wine constituents which determine its organoleptic properties, such as bitterness, astringency and taste. Spectrophotometric assay with p-(dimethylamino) cinnamaldehyde was applied for analysis of total flavan-3-ols. The accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed using standard solution of (+)-catechin prepared with low, medium and high concentrations. Additionally, the accuracy of the method was confirmed by standard additions. Total flavan-3-ols (TF3-ols) were analyzed in different red and white wine samples, produced from different vineyard areas in Republic of Macedonia and from two vintages, in 2008 and in 2009. In general, the red wines contained higher content of total flavan-3-ols. TF3-ol content was lower in the wines from 2008 which means that they decreased during the aging, mainly as a result of polymerization
Rapid MALDI-TOF-MS detection of anthocyanins in wine
Macedonia
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-οΏ½ ight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as a new valuable technique can have a great impact
on wine studies because of the opportunity for rapid qualitative screening of polyphenolic compounds. This study by Violeta Ivanova (Institute of
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and Department for Enology, Institute of Agriculture, Ss Cyril and Methodius University,
- Skopje, Macedonia) and colleagues was performed in order to evaluate and οΏ½ nd the most appropriate matrix for analysis of anthocyanins
in wine samples and grape extracts and then to develop an eοΏ½ cient MALDI-TOF-MS method for screening of anthocyanins in these samples
(Food Analytical Methods, DOI 10.1007/s12161-010-9143-7). For that purpose, the eοΏ½ ciency of diοΏ½ erent MALDI matrices, such as οΏ½-cyano-4-
hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), sinapic acid (SA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) and C70 fullerene, was checked (Fig. 1)
ΠΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°
Π¦ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ·Π±Π° Π’ΠΈΠΊΠ²Π΅Ρ, ΠΠ°Π²Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ-Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ (HPLC-DADβESI-MS and MS/MS) Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π£ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ
ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»-ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π°Π½-3-ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π±Π΅Π½ΠΈ.
Π‘ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Π΅Π° Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π° Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ΅Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° [1]. ΠΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π°Π½-3-ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ 10,3 Π΄ΠΎ 13,3 mM/L TE (Π΅ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΡ), ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ Π³ΠΎ Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ°. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄
Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
First images of a possible CO(+)-tail of comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 observed against the dust coma background
Comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 was observed with the 2m-Ritchey-Cretien Telescope of the Bulgarian National Observatory, Rozhen, Bulgaria, using the CCD-camera and focal reducer of the Max-Planck-Institute for Aeronomy. Images were taken in a red continuum window and in the 2-0 A(exp 2)Pi - X(exp 2)Sigma(+) band of CO(+) located in the blue part of the spectrum. The red images reveal an extended dust coma. From a comparison of the red and blue images a dust reddening of 13.2 percent per 1000 A is derived. At 642 nm the magnitude of the comet with a square diaphragm of 4.5 arcsec is 16.6. The blue images, taken in the CO(+) band, show a significantly different brightness distribution which is interpreted as presence of a CO(+) coma and tail superimposed on the continuum. A column density of several 10(exp 10) CO(+) molecules cm(exp -2) is derived. The tail thickness of 10(exp 5) km is unexpectedly small. We estimate the CO(+) production rate to about 6 x 10(exp 26) CO(+) particles s(exp -1). This value does not support the idea that the outbursts of this comet are caused by crystallization of amorphous water ice
Development of two data bases with comments in Bulgarian language and application of supervised learning approaches on them for comparative sentiment analysis. Π brief overview
The purpose of the current paper is to make an overview of the work done so far by the authors and make a summary of the results and reflections on the performed sentiment analysis on user comments in two different fields in Bulgarian language. As a starting point for the authorsβ work is the development of two databases with usersβ reviews and their preprocessing to become usable source of information for different types of analysis projects. As a result of the preprocessing is a revised Bulgarian language-driven algorithm for data preprocessing for Bulgarian language. The second part of the project is implemented into two steps: sentiment analysis using the supervised learning approaches developed for the two databases and a comparative sentiment analysis of the two databases, following their additional examination
Aromatic and polyphenolic profile of wines from the Vranec variety
Aromatic and polyphenolic profile of wines from the
Vranec variet
CA22161 - Future of plant-based food: Bridging the gap of new proteins and FLAVOURsome (FLAVOURsome)
Future for plant-based food alternative proteins while aligning natural, sustainable and flavoursome by establishing a global, cohesive and multidisciplinary network;
SPECIFIC KEY POINTS in the research of taste, aroma, and trigeminal sensations that need of significant scientific or technological advancement
Development of high-quality and high-added-value European food products built on plant-based products;
Development of computational tools in flavour research, their use and dissemination among the experimental colleagues and the industrial partners;
Training programs linking specific target groups, namely under- and graduate students, YRIs, and professionals in (new) emerging technologies, in different facilities and different areas
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΅ Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ» (Π΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ», C2H5OH).
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅).
Π‘Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, Π΄ΡΡΠ°....).
ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π°ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ βΠ°Π»-Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊβ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ βΠΏΠΎΡβ
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° - Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° (ΠΏΡ. ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈ).
ΠΠΎ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ 14,5 ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ (ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠΏΠΈ) Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠ½
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