Adult socioeconomic, educational, social, and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity: a national birth cohort study

Objectives: To assess adult socioeconomic, educational, social, and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity by using nationally representative data. Design: 1970 British birth cohort. Participants: 16 567 babies born in Great Britain 5-11 April 1970 and followed up at 5, 10, and 29-30 years. Main outcome measures: Obesity at age 10 and 30 years. Self reported socioeconomic, educational, psychological, and social outcomes at 30 years. Odds ratios were calculated for the risk of each adult outcome associated with obesity in childhood only, obesity in adulthood only, and persistent child and adult obesity, compared with those obese at neither period. Results: Of the 8490 participants with data on body mass index at 10 and 30 years, 4.3% were obese at 10 years and 16.3% at 30 years. Obesity in childhood only was not associated with adult social class, income, years of schooling, educational attainment, relationships, or psychological morbidity in either sex after adjustment for confounding factors. Persistent obesity was not associated with any adverse adult outcomes in men, though it was associated among women with a higher risk of never having been gainfully employed (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.3) and not having a current partner (2.0, 1.3 to 3.3). Conclusions: Obesity limited to childhood has little impact on adult outcomes. Persistent obesity in women is associated with poorer employment and relationship outcomes. Efforts to reduce the socioeconomic and psychosocial burden of obesity in adult life should focus on prevention of the persistence of obesity from childhood into adulthood

ABC of adolescence: sexual health, contraception, and teenage pregnancy

Sexual health becomes a new health priority in early adolescence. The sexual health of young people is a matter of intense public concern. The adverse consequences of unsafe sexual behaviour-such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV infection-affect adolescents as well as adults. "Risk taking" behaviours are common when adolescents start being sexually intimate and are often linked with other health risk behaviours, such as substance misuse

Children's and young people's experience of the National Health Service in England: a review of national surveys 2001-2011.

To investigate what data are available on the National Health Service (NHS) experience of children and young people (0-24 years), and how their experience compares with that of older patients. DESIGN AND DATA SELECTION: Review of 38 national surveys undertaken or planned between 2001 and 2011, identified by the Department of Health (2010). Detailed analysis performed on the most recent completed surveys covering primary, inpatient and emergency care, and children's services

Secondary Education and Health Outcomes in Young People from the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS)

AIM: Education is one of the strongest social determinants of health, yet previous literature has focused on primary education. We examined whether there are additional benefits to completing upper secondary compared to lower secondary education in a middle-income country. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal analysis of the Cape Area Panel Study, a survey of adolescents living in South Africa. We undertook causal modeling using structural marginal models to examine the association between level of education and various health outcomes, using inverse probability weighting to control for sex, age, ethnicity, home language, income, whether employed in past year, region of birth, maternal educational status, marital status, whether currently pregnant and cognitive ability. Educational attainment was defined as primary (grades 1–7), lower secondary (grades 8–9) or upper secondary (grades 10–12). RESULTS: Of 3,432 participants, 165 (4.8%) had completed primary education, 646 (18.8%) lower secondary and 2,621 (76.3%) upper secondary. Compared to those completing lower secondary, males completing upper secondary education were less likely to have a health problem (OR 0.49; 95%CI 0.27–0.88; p = 0.02); describe their health as poor (0.52; 0.29–0.95; p = 0.03) or report that health interferes with daily life (0.54; 0.29–0.99; p = 0.047). Females were less likely to have been pregnant (0.45; 0.33–0.61; p<0.001) or pregnant under 18 (0.32; 0.22–0.46; p<0.001); and having had sex under 16 was also less likely (males 0.63; 0.44–0.91; p = 0.01; females 0.39; 0.26–0.58; p<0.001). Cigarette smoking was less likely (males 0.52; 0.38–0.70; p = <0.001; females 0.56; 0.41–0.76; p<0.001), as was taking illicit drugs in males (0.6; 0.38–0.96; p = 0.03). No associations were found between education and alcohol use, psychological distress, obesity, increased waist circumference or hypertension. CONCLUSION: Completing upper secondary education was associated with improved health outcomes compared with lower secondary education. Expanding upper secondary education offers middle-income countries an effective way of improving adolescent health

Polyporoid and corticioid Basidiomycetes in pristine forests of the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve, Komi Republic, Russia

New data on non-agaricoid wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes collected from coniferous hosts in Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve are provided. In total, 182 species were recorded during two field seasons (June‒July 2012‒2013), of them 64 are reported as new to Komi Republic. Each species in the list below is annotated with host information and specimen collecting data. The paper significantly extends the number of species reported for the region; new records of some rare species, Botryobasidium botryoideum, Chaetoporus mutabilis, Hyphoderma velatum, Physisporinus vitreus, Repetobasidium vile, Tulasnella eichleriana, Tulasnella hyalina, are discussed

Adolescent inpatient activity 1999–2010: analysis of English Hospital Episode Statistics data

Objective: To investigate patterns and trends of adolescent (10–19 years) inpatient activity in England by sex, disease category, and admitting speciality. Data 9 632 844 Finished Consultant Episodes (FCEs) from English patients aged 1–19 between 1999/2000 and 2010/2011 (Hospital Episode Statistics data). Analyses Age trends by sex and major International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD10) chapter; differences in activity rates by age and sex; inpatient activity trends over the past decade, disaggregated by sex, admitting speciality and ICD10 chapter. Results: Adolescent female patients account for more activity than girls aged 1–9 (139.4 vs 107.2 FCEs/1000). Female inpatient activity increases significantly between age 10 (70.9 FCEs/1000) and 19 (281.7 FCES/1000, of which non-obstetric care accounts for 155.9 FCEs/1000). Male activity increases much less during adolescence, with lower overall rates among adolescents than younger children (93.7 vs 142.9 FCEs/1000). Between 1999 and 2010, total adolescent inpatient activity increased faster among adolescents (10–19 years) (+14.2%) than younger children (1–9 years) (+11.0%). Adolescent FCEs/1000 increased by 12.8%, including higher rates admitted under Paediatrics (+47.5%) and Paediatric Surgery (+23.2%). Adolescents were admitted across a range of specialities. Conclusions: These data challenge the belief that adolescents are a healthy group who rarely use inpatient services. In England, use of inpatient services is higher among female patients aged 10–19 years than those aged 1–9 years, while adolescent activity has increased faster than for younger children over the past 11 years. Improving service quality for adolescents will require engagement of the many different teams that care for them

New occurrences of aphyllophoroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, basidiomycota) in the central forest state biosphere nature reserve, Tver region, Russia

New data on non-agaricoid wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes collected from dead wood in the Central Forest Nature Reserve are provided. In total, 228 species were recorded during short-term visits in 2009-2015, of which 37 are reported as new to the reserve. An annotated species list is presented including details of associated substrata and, when available, personal fungarium specimen numbers. The paper increases the total number of species reported for the reserve and provides notes on specimens belonging to the genus Phlebiella, which is probably an undescribed species. Records of some rare, or rarely collected species, such as Antrodiella foliaceodentata, Basidiodendron radians, Phlebiella fibrillosa and Tulasnella eichleriana are discussed. © 2016 Estonian Naturalists' Society. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Clinical audit in veterinary practice: theory v reality

CLINICAL AUDIT is an effective tool for assessing and improving the clinical care provided to patients. Good guidance has previously been provided in the veterinary literature as to how to conduct clinical audit in veterinary practice (Mosedale 1998, Viner 2009, 2010, 2012, Dunn 2012, RCVS Knowledge 2015). These resources go into depth about how to conduct audit and the types of topics to choose. However, the combination of the limited veterinary evidence-base and the reality of practice makes traditional clinical audit as per the framework derived from the medical field challenging to implement in the veterinary setting. Despite this, it can still be a rewarding and valuable tool to use in practice