An implicit finite volume nodal point scheme for the solution of two-dimensional compressible navier-stokes equations

An implicit finite volume nodal point scheme has been developed for solving the two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical scheme is evolved by efficiently combining the basic ideas of the implicit finite-difference scheme of Beam and Warming (1978) with those of nodal point schemes due to Hall (1985) and Ni (1982). The 2-D Navier-Stokes solver is implemented for steady, laminar/turbulent flows past airfoils by using C-type grids. Turbulence closure is achieved by employing the algebraic eddy-viscosity model of Baldwin and Lomax (1978). Results are presented for the NACA-0012 and RAE-2822 airfoil sections. Comparison of the aerodynamic coefficients with experimental results for the different test cases presented here establishes the validity and efficiency of the method

Teacher’s and Students’ Perceptions Between Flipped Classroom and Traditional Classroom At Primary Tamil School

This research was carried out in order to investigate teacher’s and student’s perceptions to promote active learning through flipped classroom among Tamil school teachers and students. A quantitative research design was used to carry out this study.The dependent variables in this study were teacher’s and student’s perceptions while the independent variables were traditional and flipped classroom. The sample consisted of 20 primary school teachers, 36 students from year 4 from primary Tamil school.Teachers’ perception interview questions were based on Snowden (2012) and a structured questionnaire to determine student perceptions between two different learning environments, flipped classroom and traditional classroom, was adapted from the Student Perception of Instruction Questionnaire (SPIQ) by Johnson and Renner (2012). The researchers distributed the survey questionnaire to primary Tamil school teachers and students. An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare student perception in a traditional and flipped classroom setting. A t-test for independent samples revealed a significant difference in perception between students that learn from a different learning culture (t(57) = -3.71, p < .05). The mean students who learn in a traditional classroom reported significantly different perceptions (M = 4.45, SD = .38) than students who learn in a flipped classroom (M = 4.93, SD = .40). In other words, students in the traditional classroom appear to have a better perception on method of delivery than the flipped classroom. Existing conventional teaching methods need to be transformed to ensure that the country's education system is able to move along the latest and competitive learning. Flipped classroom is one of the methods with potential to realize this vision

Hj. Samuri Sate Kajang Office Automation Using Lotus Notes Application

The advances of modem computer technology today have prompted offices to automate their office processing. As businesses continue to expand, the need to automate office processes increases. It is vital to incorporate computer technology to remain competitive. The main object of this study is to create a working system capable of routing forms and saving data in the database. It is to collect information such as staff information and new branch addresses. It allows employees to request stationeries online where the processing and routing is done by the office system. It also has a discussion database that helps employees to communicate among themselves. The discussion database allows the placing of comments and notices for others to view. The system was built using Lotus Notes version 5, a powerful workflow tool. Graphics were modified using Sierra Home SnapShot Express. The text was written using both the in-built word processor of Lotus Notes and Microsoft Word 2000. This system simplifies work and allows for faster document processing. The system is kept open to allow future upgrades and modification

Advancement in FRP composites using three-dimensional stitched fabrics and enhancement in FRP bridge deck component properties.

Use of FRP composites in construction industry has been growing rapidly. However, currently all composite products are manufactured with one and/or two dimensional fibers and fabrics (1-D or 2-D). A shortcoming thick composite (\u3e 0.75 in.) made of 1-D or 2-D fabrics is its dramatic reduction in strength, i.e., up to 50% of thin (\u3c0.5 in.) composites. This can be attributed to shear lag leading to ply-by-ply failure; in addition, premature failure of matrix and fibers or the interface failure is very common in thick composites. Therefore, the motivation of the present work is to fabricate and test composites with 3-D stitched fabrics, which overcome the limitations in composites made of 1-D or 2-D fabrics. In this study, composites were fabricated using 3-D stitched fabrics with different: (1) fiber architecture; (2) stitch density; (3) stitch material; and (4) manufacturing process. Strength and stiffness of composites with 3-D stitched fabrics (at coupon level) under tension, bending and shear loads were experimentally established and theoretically evaluated. Structural properties of composites made of 3-D stitched fabrics were compared with the structural properties of composites made of unidirectional fibers and 2-D stitched fabrics. Composites made of 3-D stitched fabrics were found to have enhanced strength and stiffness (about 30%). The existing FRP bridge deck component (first generation) was modified with respect to weight, fiber architecture and manufacturing process leading to the development of the second generation FRP bridge deck component. In the second generation FRP bridge deck component, the self-weight was reduced by about 11% without sacrificing strength and stiffness. The global stiffness of second generation FRP bridge deck component was evaluated experimentally (3 point bending test) and theoretically by Approximate Classical Lamination Theory. The ultimate stress of second generation FRP bridge deck component (30.8 ksi) was three times more than that of first generation FRP bridge deck component (10.3 ksi). The stiffness of second generation FRP bridge deck component was found to be 8.28E+08 lbs-in2/foot width while the stiffness of first generation FRP bridge deck component was found to be 8.44E+08 lbs- in2/foot. Trail second generation FRP bridge deck module has to be tested under fatigue loads

Women Writers of Sangam Era in Auvaiyar's Songs

A woman's language develops in order to create a new language of her own against the gendered stereotypes that are suppressed within cultural boundaries. Its main aim is to destroy the dominant norms taught by men. When trying to break it down, she should write about her sexual experiences without censoring them. They should not be afraid of social criticism. Auvaiyar's songs proves that the feminist writers who lived two thousand years ago never bothered about social criticism. Sangam songs follows tradition. The leadership of the patriarchal society is rooted in Sangam literature. However, the sentiments of women are recorded in the songs of feminist poets. Their &nbsp;subconsciousness thoughts and voice in their works has also emerged as a woman's language. This article explores the subconscious experiences of Auvaiyar in Sangam literary&nbsp; songs and feminine language of that sensory perception

Teacher belief in children’s potential is important

“If I summarise the core beliefs and pedagogic practices that we saw in these classrooms, the foremost would be the teachers’ belief that ‘every child can learn; the responsibility is ours.’ These teachers try to make the learning experience interesting for every child and respect the existing knowledge they bring to the classroom, using it to build new knowledge… These teachers help children connect concepts with the world around them…” (S Giridhar, 2019. p122

Dialect in Contemporary Literature (Regional Dialects)

Language is the identity of society. Literature that emerges through these languages also reflects society. In that sense every literature is set up with every language style. That is to say, the literature that appeared in the Sanam period was based on the proverbial language style of the time. After that the language of prose takes shape. Prose is a form of writing that simply conveys ideas as if speaking without grammatical conventions. It was followed by the pre-independence literature of the quest for freedom. A few lawsuits have been filed in the political arena since independence. Thus the language is constantly changing from time to time. The vast majority of literature produced today is centered on the regional Languge. This Article moves on to the cause of such social change and the consequences of change on society

Effect of fiber architecture on properties of pultruded composites

The orientation of reinforcements in a composite system has major influence on both the elastic and inelastic properties, including failure modes. Manufacturing a polymer composite structural member can be simplified by using certain types of fiber/fabric architecture. The structural performance of a finished composite part does vary with the manufacturing process and constituent materials including fiber and resin type, fiber architecture and Fiber Volume Fraction (FVF).;In this research, the structural behavior of pultruded composite plates having different fiber architecture (uni-, bi-, tri and quadri-) manufactured by the pultrusion process is investigated. Further the mechanical properties of pultruded composites are compared with performance of composites made from compression mold. The strain energy density values of composites manufactured through compression molding and pultrusion are compared with each other so as to create a database to predict the strength and stiffness of composites. In addition, the response of pultruded composites with two different resin systems namely polyurethane and vinyl ester having same fiber architecture are evaluated.;Bi-linear stress-strain response under tension was observed for all composites except for tri-directional composites, which showed tri-linear stress-strain response up to the maximum stress. Under bending, the stress-strain response for uni- and quadri-directional reinforcements are tri-linear, while that for bi- and tri-directional reinforcements, the stress-strain curve has four linear slopes. It is observed that under tension, change in first slope took place at 29% ∼ 40% for composites with various fiber architectures (uni-, bi-, tri- and quadri-directional). In bending, it was observed that for composites with uni-directional fabrics, the change of first slope takes place at about 50% of maximum stress, in case of bi-directional the change of first slope is at 22%, and for all other fabrics i.e., tri- and quadri-directional fabrics, the change of first slope is at about 31%--34%.;The maximum tensile stress and strain in pultruded composites were mostly driven by the fiber orientation, while the maximum bending stress and strain were controlled by interface bonding of resin, fiber architecture and the process type. The ratio of bending strength to tensile strength in pultruded composites varies anywhere from 1.09 to 2.62. For a given fiber architecture, the tensile stress for compression molded plates is always higher than pultruded plates while the bending stress in pultruded composite plates is always higher than the values from compression molded plates. These anomalies are attributed to types of failure modes. With regards to resin system in pultruded composites, vinyl ester resin had more ductility and toughness compared to polyurethane resin, which is contrary to research finding of some researchers. It is likely that the vinyl ester resin is toughened or urethane modified.;The strain energy density of pultruded composites under tension is found to be the lowest value in quadri-directional fabrics compared to other fiber/fabric architecture because of the presence of off-axis plies. The off-axis plies reduce the capability of straining without failure due to stress concentration which in turn reduces the strain energy density. In bending, the strain energy density which is normalized with reference to FVF in the bending direction is within 20% difference regardless of fiber/fabric architecture