Kosteudenhallinnan yleisohje

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli saada aikaan kosteudenhallinnan yleisohje, jota voitaisiin käyttää apuna työmailla kosteudenhallinnan suunnittelussa. Aiheeseen päädyttiin sen ajankohtaisuuden vuoksi ja aiheen kiinnostavuuden vuoksi. Aiheen valintaan vaikutti myös se, että se on tärkeä ja oleellinen asia rakentamisessa. Opinnäytetyön aineistona käytettiin eri asiantuntijoiden kirjallisuuslähteitä, tekijän omaa kokemusta aiheesta, nettiartikkeleita ja nettisivuja. Yhteistyökumppanina opinnäytetyön tekemissä oli VRP Länsi-Suomi Oy. Opinnäytetyön tekemisen yhteydessä syntyivät esimerkit siitä, miltä kosteudenhallintasuunnitelma ja mittaussuunnitelma voivat näyttää. Työ rajattiin koskemaan kerrostalokohteita. Lopputuloksena saatiin aikaan kosteudenhallinnan yleisohje, joka kertoo yleisesti kosteudenhallinnan toteuttamisesta rakennustyömaalla. Työssä esiteltiin eri tapoja kosteudenhallinnan toteuttamiseen, materiaalien suojaamiseen, rakennuksen lämmittämiseen ja miten kosteuksia voidaan työmaalla mitata. Kerrottiin myös miksi työmaalla tulee seurata kosteudenhallintaa. Työn avulla VRP Länsi-Suomi Oy voi varmentaa kosteudenhallinnan onnistumista työmaillaan. Työstä voidaan vetää johtopäätös, että kosteudenhallinta on laaja aihe, mutta erittäin oleellinen osa rakennushanketta ja sen merkitystä ei pidä väheksyä. Opinnäytetyöstä voidaan päätellä myös, että työmaiden kosteudenhallinta kehittyy koko ajan ja kosteusongelmia pystytään kartoittamaan koko ajan paremmin. Kehittämisehdotuksena esitetään, että työmailla kokeiltaisiin myös uusia mittaustapoja vanhojen rinnalla.The aim of this thesis was to make a general direction of humidity control at construction site. The intention was to create general direction which can help people who hasn’t work with humidity control very much. With this direction people have easy way to explore the humidity control. The topic was chosen because it’s very topical because there are so many stories about bad humidity control in past. The thesis was defined to concern apartment houses. Material of this thesis were collected from different professional sources and writer’s own experience. During the make of thesis there were created examples how humidity control plan and measurement plan can look like. The theory about humidity control was studied and then summarized to the paper. a partner in cooperation was VRP Länsi-Suomi Oy. The result was a general direction which tells commonly about humidity control at construction site. In thesis, there were shown different ways how to put in action a humidity control, how to protect construction materials, heat the building and how you can measure a humidity in the structures. With this introductions VRP Länsi-Suomi Oy can make sure humidity control works at the construction site. The thesis gives clearly and understandable introductions about humidity control. Thesis shows that humidity control is important thing in construction trade. There can be seen that humidity control is improving at construction sites. Proposal for improving for future is that there would be more use for newer measurement ways use with old ones

Argonaute and Dicer are essential for communication between Trichoderma atroviride and fungal hosts during mycoparasitism

Trichoderma species are known for their mycoparasitic activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause significant economic losses in agriculture. During mycoparasitism, Trichoderma spp. recognize molecules produced by the host fungus and release secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes to kill and degrade the host's cell wall. Here, we explored the participation of the Trichoderma atroviride RNAi machinery in the interaction with six phytopathogenic fungi of economic importance. We determined that both Argonaute-3 and Dicer-2 play an essential role during mycoparasitism. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we identified that perception, detox, and cell wall degradation depend on the T. atroviride-RNAi when interacting with Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani AG2, and R. solani AG5. Furthermore, we constructed a gene co-expression network that provides evidence of two gene modules regulated by RNAi, which play crucial roles in essential processes during mycoparasitism. In addition, based on small RNA-seq, we conclude that siRNAs regulate amino acid and carbon metabolism and communication during the Trichoderma-host interaction. Interestingly, our data suggest that siRNAs might regulate allorecognition (het) and transport genes in a cross-species manner. Thus, these results reveal a fine-tuned regulation in T. atroviride dependent on siRNAs that is essential during the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, showing a greater complexity of this process than previously established.</p

Genome-wide fitness profiling reveals molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to interact with Trichoderma atroviride exometabolites

Trichoderma spp. are ubiquitous rhizosphere fungi capable of producing several classes of secondary metabolites that can modify the dynamics of the plant-associated microbiome. However, the bacterial-fungal mechanisms that mediate these interactions have not been fully characterized. Here, a random barcode transposon-site sequencing (RB-TnSeq) approach was employed to identify bacterial genes important for fitness in the presence of Trichoderma atroviride exudates. We selected three rhizosphere bacteria with RB-TnSeq mutant libraries that can promote plant growth: the nitrogen fixers Klebsiella michiganensis M5aI and Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1, and Pseudomonas simiae WCS417. As a non-rhizosphere species, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was also included. From the RB-TnSeq data, nitrogen-fixing bacteria competed mainly for iron and required the siderophore transport system TonB/ExbB for optimal fitness in the presence of T. atroviride exudates. In contrast, P. simiae and P. putida were highly dependent on mechanisms associated with membrane lipid modification that are required for resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). A mutant in the Hog1-MAP kinase (Δtmk3) gene of T. atroviride showed altered expression patterns of many nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) biosynthetic gene clusters with potential antibiotic activity. In contrast to exudates from wild-type T. atroviride, bacterial mutants containing lesions in genes associated with resistance to antibiotics did not show fitness defects when RB-TnSeq libraries were exposed to exudates from the Δtmk3 mutant. Unexpectedly, exudates from wild-type T. atroviride and the Δtmk3 mutant rescued purine auxotrophic mutants of H. seropedicae, K. michiganensis and P. simiae. Metabolomic analysis on exudates from wild-type T. atroviride and the Δtmk3 mutant showed that both strains excrete purines and complex metabolites; functional Tmk3 is required to produce some of these metabolites. This study highlights the complex interplay between Trichoderma-metabolites and soil bacteria, revealing both beneficial and antagonistic effects, and underscoring the intricate and multifaceted nature of this relationship