Cooperation, Punishment, Emergence of Government, and the Tragedy of Authorities

Under the conditions prevalent in the late Pleistocene epoch (small hunter-gatherer groups and frequent inter-group conflicts), coevolution of gene-related behavior and culturally transmitted group-level institutions provides a plausible explanation for the parochial altruistic and reciprocator traits of most modern humans. When, with the agricultural revolution, societies became larger and more complex, the collective nature of the monitoring and punishment of norm violators was no longer effective. This led to the emergence of new institutions of governance and social hierarchies. The transition from an egalitarian society and the acceptance of the new institutions may have been possible only if, in the majority of the population, the reciprocator trait had become an internalized norm. However, the new ruling class has its own dynamics, which in turn may lead to a new social crisis. Using a simple model inspired by previous work by Bowles and Gintis, these effects are studied here

The fractional volatility model : no-arbitrage, leverage and completeness

When the volatility process is driven by fractional noise one obtains a model which is consistent with the empirical market data. Depending on whether the stochasticity generators of log-price and volatility are independent or are the same, two versions of the model are obtained with different leverage behaviors. Here, the no-arbitrage and completeness properties of the models are rigorously studied

Anxiety, cognitive appraisal and burnout in sport: a study with young athletes

Este estudo analisa a importância dos processos de avaliação cognitiva na experiência de ansiedade e de burnout bem como a importância da avaliação cognitiva e da ansiedade na predição do burnout. Participaram nesta investigação 711 atletas (89 do sexo feminino e 622 do sexo masculino), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 19 anos (M = 14.77; DP = 1.86). Os participantes responderam a um protocolo de avaliação composto por três instrumentos, além de um questionário demográfico: Escala de Ansiedade no Desporto-2; Escala de Avaliação Cognitiva e Questionário de Burnout para Atletas. Os resultados demonstraram que a avaliação cognitiva primária desempenha um papel fundamental na experiência de ansiedade e de burnout, dado que a perceção de ameaça correspondeu a maiores níveis de ansiedade e burnout e a perceção de desafio correspondeu a menores níveis nestas variáveis. Além disso, verificou-se que as dimensões da avaliação cognitiva primária, em conjunto com as dimensões da ansiedade, foram variáveis preditoras do burnout. Em suma, os resultados evidenciaram a importância da avaliação cognitiva no estudo dos estados emocionais dos atletas, sugerindo a continuação de investigações futuras neste domínio.This study analyzed the importance of cognitive appraisal in the experience of anxiety and burnout as well as the importance of cognitive appraisal and anxiety in the prediction of burnout. The study included 711 athletes (89 females and 622 males), with ages between 12 and 19 years old (M = 14.77; DP = 1.86). The participants answered an assessment protocol that included the Sport Anxiety Scale-2; the Cognitive Appraisal Scale and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, besides a demographic questionnaire. The results showed that primary cognitive appraisal influence the experience of anxiety and burnout, because athletes with higher levels of threat perception assumed more anxiety and burnout, and athletes with higher levels of challenge perception assumed lower levels of anxiety and burnout. The results also showed that the dimensions of primary cognitive appraisal and anxiety predicted the experience of athletes’ burnout. In sum, this study highlights the importance of cognitive appraisal in the study of athletes’ emotional states, suggesting the continuation of future research on this topic.Este estudo foi realizado no Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (UID/PSI/01662/2013), Universidade do Minho, e foi financeiramente suportado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia e pelo Ministérios da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, através de fundos nacionais, e co-financiado pelo FEDER, através do COMPETE2020, no âmbito do acordo Portugal 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653)

Elogio histórico do professor António da Silveira

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio