Stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic: case numbers, treatments, and mortality in two large German stroke registries

Background and purposeAt the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, an alarming decline in hospitalizations for stroke was reported in several countries, including Germany. We assessed hospitalization numbers and indicators of the quality of stroke care in 2020 during the pandemic containment measures.Materials and methodsThe analysis was based on data of two large stroke quality assurance registries in the north and the south of Germany (Qualitätssicherung Schlaganfall Nordwestdeutschland and Bayerische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Qualitätssicherung in der stationären Versorgung). We included 395 hospitals with 467,931 documented cases in 2018–2020. The time interval between admission and thrombolysis, frequency of systemic thrombolysis and intra-arterial therapy (IAT), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission and in-hospital mortality were assessed. Changes in the second (Q2) and fourth (Q4) quarters of 2020 were compared to corresponding quarters in 2019 by chi-squared tests.ResultsHospitalization numbers decreased in the two stroke registries by 8% and 10% in Q2 of 2020 and by 5% and 15% in Q4 of 2020 compared to the same quarters in 2019, respectively. The decline was particularly seen in women and patients with transient ischemic attacks. In cases with cerebral infarction, no increase in NIHSS scores on admission was observed, and the proportion of patients with a time interval between admission and thrombolysis of ≤60 min was unchanged. No clear pattern was found in the frequency of systemic thrombolysis and IAT. In one of the registries, in-hospital mortality of patients with cerebral infarction increased in Q2 of 2020 compared to Q2 of 2019.ConclusionCase numbers slightly decreased under pandemic conditions, while our quarterly analysis indicated that the quality of stroke care was largely unchanged throughout the year 2020

A Self-administered version of the functioning assessment short test for use in population-based studies: A pilot study

Background: The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) is an interviewer-administered scale assessing functional impairment originally developed for psychiatric patients. Objectives: To adapt the FAST for the general population, we developed a self-administered version of the scale and assessed its properties in a pilot study. Methods: The original FAST scale was translated into German via forward and backward translation. Afterwards, we adjusted the scale for self-administered application and inquired participants from two ongoing studies in Germany, 'STAAB' (Würzburg) and 'BiDirect' (Münster), both recruiting subjects from the general population across a wide age range (STAAB: 30-79 years, BiDirect: 35-65 years). To assess reliability, agreement of self-assessment with proxy-assessment by partners was measured via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) over the FAST score. Construct validity was estimated by conducting correlations with validated scales of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and health-related quality of life (SF-12) and regression analyses using these scales besides potentially disabling comorbidities (e.g. Chronic Back Pain (CBP)). Results: Participants (n=54) had a median age of 57.0 years (quartiles: 49.8, 65.3), 46.3% were female. Reliability was moderate: ICC 0.50 (95% CI 0.46-0.54). The FAST score significantly correlated with PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the mental sub-scale of SF-12. In univariable linear regression, all three scales and chronic back pain explained variance of the FAST score. In multivariable analysis, only CBP and the SF-12 remained significant predictors. Conclusion: The German self-administered version of the FAST yielded moderate psychometric properties in this pilot study, indicating its applicability to assess functional impairment in the general population

Biomarkers to improve functional outcome prediction after ischemic stroke:Results from the SICFAIL, STRAWINSKI, and PREDICT studies

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) outcome prognostication remains challenging despite available prognostic models. We investigated whether a biomarker panel improves the predictive performance of established prognostic scores.METHODS: We investigated the improvement in discrimination, calibration, and overall performance by adding five biomarkers (procalcitonin, copeptin, cortisol, mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) to the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) and age/NIHSS scores using data from two prospective cohort studies (SICFAIL, PREDICT) and one clinical trial (STRAWINSKI). Poor outcome was defined as mRS &gt; 2 at 12 (SICFAIL, derivation dataset) or 3 months (PREDICT/STRAWINSKI, pooled external validation dataset).RESULTS: Among 412 SICFAIL participants (median age 70 years, quartiles 59-78; 63% male; median NIHSS score 3, quartiles 1-5), 29% had a poor outcome. Area under the curve of the ASTRAL and age/NIHSS were 0.76 (95% CI 0.71-0.81) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.73-0.82), respectively. Copeptin (0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.84), NT-proBNP (0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84), and MR-proANP (0.79, 95% CI 0.75-0.84) significantly improved ASTRAL score's discrimination, calibration, and overall performance. Copeptin improved age/NIHSS model's discrimination, copeptin, MR-proANP, and NT-proBNP improved its calibration and overall performance. In the validation dataset (450 patients, median age 73 years, quartiles 66-81; 54% men; median NIHSS score 8, quartiles 3-14), copeptin was independently associated with various definitions of poor outcome and also mortality. Copeptin did not increase model's discrimination but it did improve calibration and overall model performance.DISCUSSION: Copeptin, NT-proBNP, and MR-proANP improved modest but consistently the predictive performance of established prognostic scores in patients with mild AIS. Copeptin was most consistently associated with poor outcome in patients with moderate to severe AIS, although its added prognostic value was less obvious.</p

Zeitliche Trends und Einflussfaktoren auf die Schlaganfall-Sterblichkeit in Deutschland

In several countries, a decline in mortality, case-fatality and recurrence rates of stroke was observed. However, studies investigating sex-specific and subtype-specific (pathological and etiological) time trends in stroke mortality, case-fatality and recurrence rates are scarce, especially in Germany. The decline in ischemic stroke mortality and case-fatality might be associated with the high quality of acute care of ischemic stroke, but the exact determinants of early outcome remains unknown for Germany. Therefore, as first step of this thesis, we investigated the time trends of subtype- and sex-specific age- standardized stroke mortality rates in Germany from 1998 to 2015, by applying joinpoint regression on official causes of death statistics, provided by the Federal Statistical Office. Furthermore, a regional comparison of the time trends in stroke mortality between East and West was conducted. In the second step, time trends in case-fatality and stroke recurrence rates were analyzed using data from a population- based stroke register in Germany between 1996 and 2015. The analysis was stratified by sex and etiological subtype of ischemic stroke. In the third step, quality of stroke care and the association between adherence to measures of quality of acute ischemic stroke care and in-hospital mortality was estimated based on data from nine regional hospital-based stroke registers in Germany from the years 2015 and 2016. We showed that in Germany, age-standardized stroke mortality declined by over 50% from 1998 to 2015 both, in women and men. Stratified by the pathological subtypes of stroke, the decrease in mortality was larger in ischemic stroke compared to hemorrhagic stroke. Different patterns in the time trends of stroke were observed for stroke subtypes, regions in Germany (former Eastern part of Germany (EG), former Western part of Germany (WG)) and sex, but in all strata a decline was found. By applying joinpoint regression, the number of changes in time trend differed between the regions and up to three changes in the trend in ischemic stroke mortality were detected. Trends in hemorrhagic stroke were in parallel between the regions with up to one change (in women) in joinpoint regression. Comparing the regions, stroke mortality was higher in EG compared to WG throughout the whole observed time period, however the differences between the regions started to diminish from 2007 onwards. Further it was found that, based on the population-based Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro), case-fatality and recurrence rates in ischemic stroke patients are still high in Germany. 46% died and 20% got a recurrent stroke within the first five years after stroke. Case-fatality rates declined statistically significant from 1996 to 2015 across all ischemic stroke patients and all etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke. Based on Cox regression no statistically significant decrease in stroke recurrence was observed. Based on the pooled data of nine regional hospital-based stroke registers from the years 2015 and 2016 covering about 80% of all hospitalized stroke patients in Germany, a high quality of care of acute ischemic stroke patients, measured via 11 evidence-based quality indicators (QI) of process of care, was observed. Across all registers, most QI reached the predefined target values for good quality of stroke care. 9 out of 11 QI showed a significant association with 7-day in-hospital mortality. An inverse linear association between overall adherence to QI and 7-day in-hospital mortality was observed. In conclusion, stroke mortality and case-fatality showed a favorable development over time in Germany, which might partly be due to improvements in acute treatment. This is supported by the association between overall adherence to quality of care and in-hospital mortality. However, there might be room for improvements in long-term secondary prevention, as no clear reduction in recurrence rates was observed.Ein Rückgang der Mortalität-, Letalität- und Rezidivraten nach einem Schlaganfall konnte in einigen Ländern in den letzten Jahren beobachtet werden. Es gibt, insbesondere für Deutschland, jedoch nur wenige Daten, die diese zeitlichen Trends stratifiziert nach Geschlecht und Schlaganfallsubtyp (pathologischer und ätiologischer Subtyp) ausgewertet haben. Der Rückgang der Mortalität und Letalität nach ischämischem Schlaganfall könnte mit der beobachteten hohen Qualität der Versorgung des akuten ischämischen Schlaganfalls zusammenhängen, jedoch sind für Deutschland die genauen Determinanten der frühen Sterblichkeit nach Schlaganfall noch unbekannt. Aus diesem Grunde wurden in der vorliegenden Dissertation, im ersten Schritt zeitliche Trends von 1998 bis 2015 der altersstandardisierten und nach Subtyp und Geschlecht stratifizierten Mortalitätsraten untersucht. Dazu wurden die vom Statistischen Bundesamtes bereitgestellten Daten zur Todesursachenstatistik mittels Joinpoint Regression ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurde ein regionaler Vergleich der zeitlichen Trends in der Schlaganfallmortalität zwischen der östlichen und westlichen Region von Deutschland durchgeführt. Im zweiten Schritt, wurde basierend auf einem deutschem bevölkerungsbasierten Schlaganfallregister mittels Cox Regression die zeitlichen Trends der Letalitätsraten und Rezidivraten des ischämischen Schlaganfalls zwischen 1996 und 2015 geschätzt. Die Analyse wurde stratifiziert nach Geschlecht und ätiologischem Subtyp des ischämischen Schlaganfalls. Im dritten Schritt wurde, basierend auf Daten von neun regionalen krankenhausbasierten Schlaganfallregistern der Jahre 2015 und 2016, die Qualität der Behandlung des akuten ischämischen gemessen und ein möglicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Grad der Erfüllung von evidenzbasierten Qualitätsindikatoren und der Krankenhaussterblichkeit untersucht. Wir konnten zeigen, dass von 1998 bis 2015 die altersstandardisierten Schlaganfall Mortalitätsraten über 50%, sowohl bei Männern als auch bei Frauen, abgenommen haben. Stratifiziert nach pathologischem Schlaganfallsubtyp zeigte sich ein stärkerer Rückgang in den Mortalitätsraten nach ischämischem Schlaganfall als in der Mortalitätsrate nach hämorrhagischem Schlaganfall. In allen Strata sind die Mortalitätsraten gesunken, jedoch unterschieden sich die zeitlichen Verläufe zwischen den Strata (Geschlecht, Region). Die mittels Joinpoint Regression geschätzten Anzahlen an Änderungen im zeitlichen Trend der ischämischen Schlaganfall Mortalitätsraten variierten zwischen 0 und maximal 3 Änderungen, zwischen den Regionen und Geschlechtern. Die zeitlichen Trends der Mortalitätsraten nach hämorrhagischem Schlaganfall der beiden Regionen verliefen hingegen parallel zueinander und es zeigte sich nur bei Frauen eine Änderung in der Mortalitätsrate nach der Joinpoint Regression. Die Schlaganfall Mortalitätsraten im östlichen Teil von Deutschland waren über die gesamte Zeit hinweg höher als im westlichen Teil von Deutschland, jedoch glichen sich die Raten ab 2007 immer mehr einander an und es zeigte sich nur noch ein geringer Unterschied in 2015. Die altersadjustierten Letalitätsraten und Rezidivraten nach ischämischem Schlaganfall waren in Deutschland, basierend auf Daten des bevölkerungsbasierten Erlanger Schlaganfall Registers, relativ hoch. Innerhalb der ersten fünf Jahre nach einem ischämischen Schlaganfall sterben 46% und 20% aller Patienten bekommen einen erneuten Schlaganfall. Von 1996 bis 2015 haben die Letalitätsraten nach Schlaganfall signifikant abgenommen, dies zeigte sich in allen Subtypen des ischämischen Schlaganfalls. Die Rezidivraten zeigten keinen signifikanten Rückgang. Basierend auf gepoolten Daten aus den Jahren 2015/2016 von neun krankenhausbasierten Schlaganfall Registern in Deutschland, die ca. 80% aller hospitalisierten Schlaganfälle in Deutschland abdecken, ist die, mittels 11 evidenzbasierter Prozessindikatoren gemessene Qualität der Behandlung des ischämischen Schlaganfalls, hoch. In allen Registern lagen die meisten Qualitätsindikatoren über dem vorabdefinierten Referenzwert für eine gute Qualität an Schlaganfallversorgung. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen 7-Tage Krankenhaussterblichkeit und Erfüllung von einzelnen Qualitätsindikatoren, konnte bei 9 von 11 Qualitätsindikatoren gezeigt werden. Zusätzlich zeigte sich ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesamteinhaltung von Qualitätsindikatoren und 7-Tage Krankenhaussterblichkeit. Schlaganfall Mortalitätsrate und Letalitätsraten zeigten eine positive Entwicklung in allen Subtypen des Schlaganfalls über die letzten 20 Jahre. Dies könnte mit Verbesserungen in der Behandlung des akuten ischämischen Schlaganfalls im Krankenhaus zusammenhängen, da ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Erfüllung von Qualitätsindikatoren und der Krankenhaussterblichkeit besteht. Jedoch besteht möglicherweise noch Verbesserungspotenzial in der langfristigen Sekundärprävention, da in den Rezidivraten kein klarer Rückgang erkennbar war

Predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular mortality in the 40 to 69 year old general population without cardiovascular diseases in Germany

Aims: To estimate the 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the 40 to 69 year old general population in Germany stratified by sex and to analyze differences between socio-economic status (SES), region and community size in individuals without CVD. The analysis is based on the newly recalibrated SCORE Deutschland risk charts and considered other comorbidities for the classification of the high CVD risk group according to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Methods and results: In 3,498 participants (40–69 years) from the German Health Examination Survey for Adults 2008–2011 (DEGS1) without a history of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke) we estimated the proportion with a low (SCOR

Predicting 10-Year Risk of Fatal Cardiovascular Disease in Germany: An Update Based on the SCORE-Deutschland Risk Charts

Estimation of absolute risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), preferably with population-specific risk charts, has become a cornerstone of CVD primary prevention. Regular recalibration of risk charts may be necessary due to decreasing CVD rates and CVD risk factor levels. The SCORE risk charts for fatal CVD risk assessment were first calibrated for Germany with 1998 risk factor level data and 1999 mortality statistics. We present an update of these risk charts based on the SCORE methodology including estimates of relative risks from SCORE, risk factor levels from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008–11 (DEGS1) and official mortality statistics from 2012. Competing risks methods were applied and estimates were independently validated. Updated risk charts were calculated based on cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure risk factor levels, sex and 5-year age-groups. The absolute 10-year risk estimates of fatal CVD were lower according to the updated risk charts compared to the first calibration for Germany. In a nationwide sample of 3062 adults aged 40–65 years free of major CVD from DEGS1, the mean 10-year risk of fatal CVD estimated by the updated charts was lower by 29% and the estimated proportion of high risk people (10-year risk > = 5%) by 50% compared to the older risk charts. This recalibration shows a need for regular updates of risk charts according to changes in mortality and risk factor levels in order to sustain the identification of people with a high CVD risk

Control of cardiovascular risk factors and its determinants in the general population – findings from the STAAB cohort study

Background: While data from primary care suggest an insufficient control of vascular risk factors, little is known about vascular risk factor control in the general population. We therefore aimed to investigate the adoption of adequate risk factor control and its determinants in the general population free of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: Data from the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) Cohort Study, a population-based study of inhabitants aged 30 to 79 years from the general population of Würzburg (Germany), were used. Proportions of participants without established CVD meeting targets for risk factor control recommended by 2016 ESC guideline were identified. Determinants of the accumulation of insufficiently controlled vascular risk factors (three or more) were assessed. Results: Between December 2013 and April 2015, 1379 participants without CVD were included; mean age was 53.1 ± 11.9 years and 52.9% were female; 30.8% were physically inactive, 55.2% overweight, 19.3% current smokers. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were prevalent in 31.8%, 57.6%, and 3.9%, respectively. Treatment goals were not reached despite medication in 52.7% of hypertensive, in 37.3% of hyperlipidemic and in 44.0% of diabetic subjects. Insufficiently controlled risk was associated with male sex (OR 1.94, 95%CI 1.44–2.61), higher age (OR for 30–39 years vs. 70–79 years 4.01, 95%CI 1.94–8.31) and lower level of education (OR for primary vs. tertiary 2.15, 95%CI 1.48–3.11). Conclusions: In the general population, prevalence of vascular risk factors was high. We found insufficient identification and control of vascular risk factors and a considerable potential to improve adherence to cardiovascular guidelines for primary prevention. Further studies are needed to identify and overcome patient- and physician-related barriers impeding successful control of vascular risk factors in the general population

Impact of patient beliefs on blood pressure control in the general population: findings from the population-based STAAB cohort study

Background. Effective antihypertensive treatment depends on patient compliance regarding prescribed medications. We assessed the impact of beliefs related towards antihypertensive medication on blood pressure control in a population-based sample treated for hypertension. Methods. We used data from the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) study investigating 5000 inhabitants aged 30 to 79 years from the general population of Würzburg, Germany. The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire German Version (BMQ-D) was provided in a subsample without established cardiovascular diseases (CVD) treated for hypertension. We evaluated the association between inadequately controlled hypertension (systolic RR >140/90 mmHg; >140/85 mmHg in diabetics) and reported concerns about and necessity of antihypertensive medication. Results. Data from 293 participants (49.5% women, median age 64 years [quartiles 56.0; 69.0]) entered the analysis. Despite medication, half of the participants (49.8%) were above the recommended blood pressure target. Stratified for sex, inadequately controlled hypertension was less frequent in women reporting higher levels of concerns (OR 0.36; 95%CI 0.17-0.74), whereas no such association was apparent in men. We found no association for specific-necessity in any model. Conclusion. Beliefs regarding the necessity of prescribed medication did not affect hypertension control. An inverse association between concerns about medication and inappropriately controlled hypertension was found for women only. Our findings highlight that medication-related beliefs constitute a serious barrier of successful implementation of treatment guidelines and underline the role of educational interventions taking into account sex-related differences