Расстройства микроциркуляции у больных артериальной гипертензией

ГИПЕРТЕНЗИЯМИКРОЦИРКУЛЯЦИ

Supporting Dialogue and Analysis on Trade-Offs in Climate Adaptation Research With the Maladaptation Game

Background. Serious games are gaining increasing prominence in environmental communication research, but their potential to form an integrated part of participatory research approaches is still strikingly understudied. This is particularly the case for applications of interactive digital formats in research on environmental challenges of high complexity, such as climate adaptation, which is a specifically suitable case as it involves complex interaction between climate systems and society, but where the response also involves trade-offs with potentially negative - maladaptive - outcomes. Intervention. This article presents the Maladaptation Game, which was designed to facilitate dialogue about potential negative outcomes of agricultural climate adaptation. Methods. We conducted test sessions with agricultural stakeholders in Finland and Sweden, and analysed quantitative and qualitative, audio-recorded and transcribed, material for opportunities and challenges related to dialogues, engagement, interactivity and experienced relevance. Results. The qualitative analysis of recorded dialogues shows that the Maladaptation Game has potential to support dialogue by challenging players to negotiate between options with negative outcomes. The gameplay itself presents opportunities in terms of creating engagement with options that provoke disagreement and debates between players, as well as interactivity, that players reflected upon as quick and easy, while challenges were related to the experienced relevance, in particular the options provided in the game, and its general framing. Conclusions. The results indicate a need for complementary approaches to this type of game but also suggest the importance of moderation when the game design is aimed at creating dialogue around a complex environmental challenge such as agricultural climate adaptation.Peer reviewe

Социально-деятельные установки студентов как фактор их осознанной профессиональной подготовки

Climate engineering (geoengineering) has been widely discussed as a potential instrument for curbing global warming if politics fails to deliver green house gas emission reductions. This debate has lost momentum over the last couple of years, but is now being renewed in the wake of the December 2015 Paris climate change agreement. Resurgent interest primarily stems from two elements of the Paris agreement. First, by defining the long term goal as “achiev[ing] a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases” instead of decarbonization, the agreement can be interpreted as providing leeway for climate engineering proposals. Second, the agreement formulated a temperature goal of “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C”. In response, several scientists argued that these goals may require climate engineering. As these discussions will affect the forthcoming review of pathways toward 1.5°C warming, this policy brief takes stock of climate engineering. It draws on the expertise of Linköping University’s Climate Engineering (LUCE) interdisciplinary research programme. The brief provides an overview of the status of academic debate on climate engineering regarding bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS);  stratospheric aerosol injection; and mass media reporting and public engagement

Communicative challenges in assessing progress towards environmental quality objectives

Assessment of trends in the state of the environment constitutes one important aspect of efforts to achieve environmental sustainability. Assessments are often undertaken via indicators which measure progress towards environmental objectives and interim targets. This paper starts from the assumption that different types of environmental indicators have different implications for the public communication and the societal dialogue about the state of the environment and the measures needed to increase ecological sustainability.The paper concludes that it is important to evaluate environmental indicators on the basis of their communicative potential. It is demonstrated how science-based assessment of progress towards environmental objectives may fulfil different aims. Each of these aims may be linked to particular types of indicators, as well as to particular ideas of how to communicate uncertainties, and to particular views of the role of the public in the system of environmental objectives

Social representations of climate change in Swedish lay focus groups : Local or distant, gradual or catastrophic?

This paper explores social representations of climate change, investigating how climate change is discussed by Swedish laypeople interacting in focus group interviews. The analysis focuses on prototypical examples and metaphors, which were key devices for objectifying climate change representations. The paper analyzes how the interaction of focus group participants with other speakers, ideas, arguments, and broader social representations shaped their representations of climate change. Climate change was understood as a global but distant issue with severe consequences. There was a dynamic tension between representations of climate change as a gradual vs. unpredictable process. Implications for climate change communication are discussed.Making sense of climate change: a study of the formation and maintenance of social representation

Images of environmental management : competing metaphors in focus group discussions of Swedish environmental quality objectives.

In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain "level," i.e., "higher" or "lower," in the MBO system-that is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as "in" and "out" contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and thinking about its constituent "levels."funding agencies|Swedish Environmental Protection Agency| I-37-03 |</p

Förlamande eller fruktbar osäkerhet? Några tankar kring kommunikation av klimatosäkerheter

Klimatfrågan är ett exempel på en fråga som varit närvarande i det offentliga samtalet under en lång tidsperiod, men som på kort tid har gått från att vara ett ämne som framför allt diskuterats inom vetenskapssamhället och på den politiska arenan, till att förekomma i stort sett dagligen i mediedebatten och i lekmäns vardagssamtal. Alltsedan klimatfrågan först började diskuteras på den vetenskapliga arenan har den omgärdats av olika typer av osäkerhet. I en analys av hur diskursen om klimatförändringar gestaltat sig på olika samhälleliga arenor pekar Corfee-Morlot m fl (2007) på att den vetenskapliga diskussionen ännu in på 1980-talet karakteriserades av en grundläggande osäkerhet. Debatten gällde om det fanns skäl att överhuvudtaget tala om en växt-huseffekt med global uppvärmning och förändrade nederbördsmönster som konsekvens. Vidare har vetenskapssamhället diskuterat om kli-matförändringarna i så fall är en följd av människans utsläpp av växthusgaser, eller om de har naturliga orsaker. Denna grundläggande osäkerhet har numera till stor del försvunnit från den vetenskapliga arenan. En majoritet av klimatforskare är idag ense om att vi har en klimatförändring som till stor del är ett resultat av mänsklig påverkan (IPCC 2007). Däremot finns det oenighet på det vetenskapliga planet om hur stora klimatförändringarna kan väntas bli och vilka effekter de kommer att få i olika delar av världen. På det politiska planet har strider uppstått kring hur klimatförändringarna ska mötas (Featherstone m fl 2009)– hur stora utsläppsminskningar behövs och vem ska stå för de minskade utsläppen? Vilka anpassningar behöver göras på lokalt, na-tionellt och internationellt plan för att hantera samhällets sårbarhet inför klimatförändringarnas effekter, såsom exempelvis ras, skred och översvämningar? I denna debatt, som fått stort utrymme i media under den senaste tiden, exponeras allmänheten för en rad motstridiga budskap. Det framhålls ofta att alla måste ta sitt ansvar för att skapa mer ”klimatsmarta” och hållbara livsstilar (t ex SOU 2005:51). Hur en sådan livsstil bör se ut är däremot inte lika tydligt. Det svenska samhällets sårbarhet för ras och skred har lyfts fram i klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen, som lades fram år 2007 och som fick stor uppmärksamhet i svenska media. Utredningen pekar på att antalet dagar med kraftig nederbörd kommer att öka under vinter, vår och höst i stora delar av Sverige. Detta tillsammans med ökande flöden i vattendrag samt höjda och varierande grundvattennivåer medför en ökad risk för skred och ras. Störst är risken i Vänerlandskapen, östra Svealand, Göta Älvdalen och utmed större delen av ostkusten (SOU 2007: 60). Diskussioner förs på lokal, regional och nationell nivå kring hur man bör anpassa sig till riskerna. Samtidigt finns det inte en entydig anpassningsstrategi som passar överallt. SGI pekar i sin underlags-rapport till klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen på att konsekvenserna av klimatförändringarna i form av ras och skred kommer att se olika ut i olika delar av Sverige. Därmed behövs också olika lokala anpassningsstrategier (SGI 2008). I detta ligger en kommunikationsutmaning. Hur kan man kommunicera vetenskapligt underbyggda klimatbudskap till olika målgrupper med olika bakgrund och olika tolkningsramar? Hur hanteras osäkerheter i kommunikationsprocessen? Denna text syftar till att belysa forskning kring klimatkommunikation och allmänhetens förståelse av klimatfrågan samt att diskutera hur osäkerheter kan kommuniceras i olika sammanhang. Jag kommer att argumentera för att en öppen diskussion kring dataosäkerheter och osäkerhet kring mål för utsläppsminskning och anpassningsstrategier i vissa fall kan fungera som en viktig del i att forma så kallade ”extended peer communities”, där många aktörer tillsammans kan engageras i arbetet för att hantera klimatutmaningarna

Images of environmental management : competing metaphors in focus group discussions of Swedish environmental quality objectives.

In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain "level," i.e., "higher" or "lower," in the MBO system-that is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as "in" and "out" contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and thinking about its constituent "levels."funding agencies|Swedish Environmental Protection Agency| I-37-03 |</p

Enhancing learning, communication and public engagement about climate change – some lessons from recent literature

This paper sets out to develop key messages for the theory and practice of environmental education from a review of recent research literature on climate change communication (CCC) and education. It focuses on how learners of climate science understand messages on climate change, the communicative contexts for education on climate change, the barriers that can be found to public engagement with climate change issues, and how these barriers can be addressed. 92 peer-reviewed studies were examined. The analysis focuses on the goals and strategies of CCC, and how barriers can be addressed given the research findings on: (a) the content of CCC, (b) visualizations, (c) framing, (d) audience segmentation. The paper concludes that CCC and education need to address barriers to public engagement on several levels simultaneously. It recommends that scholars of environmental education focus critical attention on how practice addresses senses and spheres of agency; sociocultural factors; and the complexities of developing scientific literacy given the interpretative frames and prior understandings that are brought to bear by the public in non-formal education settings.Making sense of climate change. A study of the formation and maintenance of social representation