Refugee children transitioning into schools : suggestions for school counseling programs

textWith approximately 70,000 refugees entering the United States each year and nearly 40% of those refugees being children, the need to help these children successfully transition into their new schools is critical (Office of Refugee Resettlement, 2015). In order to provide these students with appropriate support we must understand each refugee child individually by learning of their exposure to trauma, their current struggles, how traumatic experiences manifest themselves in behavior, and the valuable perspectives and strengths they bring into their host communities. This report sheds light on some of the traumatic experiences refugee children and their families have survived, challenges that arise during post migration as well as other multicultural considerations. This report also highlights several studies that have been conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of trauma-based interventions and school-based programs that can potentially be helpful when working with refugee students within a school setting. Suggestions are made for school counselors and school staff to raise awareness on the needs of refugee students and how to promote multicultural awareness campus-wide. In addition, this report recognizes the limitations of short-term counseling for refugee children and discusses the importance of further research in the area of providing school counselors with effective strategies to support refugee students within American schools settings.Educational Psycholog

Evolución post-trasplante hepático y respuesta al tratamiento antiviral en los pacientes con cirrosis de etiología mixta (virus C+alcohol). Comparación en los trasplantados por cirrosis por virus C o cirrosis por alcohol.

RESUMEN La evolución post-trasplante de los pacientes cuya indicación es la cirrosis mixta (virus C+alcohol) es desconocida. Por otra parte, el tratamiento antiviral con interferón-pegilado + ribavirina es la alternativa terapéutica para aquellos pacientes que desarrollan hepatitis C recurrente post-trasplante. Se desconoce si la respuesta al tratamiento es diferente entre los trasplantados por cirrosis virus C o cirrosis mixta. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: (1) analizar en tres grupos de pacientes (trasplantados por cirrosis virus C, cirrosis mixta y cirrosis por alcohol) las características clínicas analíticas e histológicas, las complicaciones metabólicas, las causas de pérdida del paciente y del injerto y la recidiva alcohólica y (2) determinar la respuesta y tolerancia al tratamiento antiviral post-trasplante entre el grupo virus C frente al grupo mixto así como identificar factores de respuesta virológica precoz en todos los pacientes. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: (1) los pacientes trasplantados por cirrosis mixta fueron más jóvenes que los pacientes con etiología aislada y fueron predominantemente hombres; (2) las complicaciones metabólicas y los tumores de novo post-trasplante fueron más frecuentes en los trasplantados por alcohol; (3) la pérdida del paciente y del injerto fue más frecuente en los trasplantados por virus C siendo la pérdida del paciente en los VHC+ la recidiva viral posttrasplante y en el grupo alcohol, la inmunosupresión, en especial, las infecciones y los tumores de novo; (4) la supervivencia fue significativamente menor en el grupo virus C con una supervivencia similar entre el grupo mixto y el alcohol; (5) la recidiva histológica fue similar entre el grupo virus C y el grupo mixto; (6) los pacientes del grupo mixto recibieron tratamiento antiviral con mayor frecuencia que los del grupo VHC; (7) la respuesta al tratamiento antiviral fue similar entre los trasplantados por virus C frente al grupo mixto (52% en virus C frente a 43% en mixto) sin objetivar diferencias en la tolerancia; (8) una respuesta virológica precoz definida como PCR-VHC negativa al 3er mes de iniciado el tratamiento y una mayor adherencia al mismo (mayor dosis y duración de tratamiento) se asociaron con la respuesta virológica sostenida. __________________________________________________________________________________________________Evolution after liver transplantation (LT) in mixed cirrhosis (hepatitis C(HCV)+alcohol) is unknown. Moreover, antiviral treatment with pegylatedinterferon+ ribavirin is the only therapy for recurrent hepatitis C and it is unknown if response is different among both groups(HCV-related cirrhosis or mixed cirrhosis). The aims of this thesis were: (1) to analyze in three groups of patients (HCV-related cirrhosis, mixed cirrhosis and alcohol-cirrhosis) basal features, clinical, biochemical, histologic evolution, and metabolic complications after liver transplantation, causes of graft and patient lost and alcohol recidivism and (2) to analyze response and tolerance to antiviral treatment with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin in recurrent hepatitis C among HCV-related cirrhosis and mixed cirrhosis and to identify variables associated with early virological response. The main results were: (1) Patients with mixed cirrhosis were significantly younger at transplantation compared to the other groups and mainly men, (2) There were more patients with metabolic complications and de novo tumors among alcohol-groups, (3) Patient and graft lost were more frequent in HCV group. In HCV group the main cause of death was recurrent hepatitis C and in alcohol group the main cause of death was immunosuppression due to sepsis and de novo tumors (4) Survival was significantly lower in HCV-related cirrhosis in comparison to alcohol-related cirrhosis and mixed cirrhosis, (5) Histologic evolution was similar among HCVrelated cirrhosis and mixed cirrhosis (6) Patients with mixed cirrhosis received more antiviral treatment, (7) Response to antiviral treatment was similar among HCV-cirrhosis and mixed cirrhosis:(sustained virological response: 52% in HCVrelated cirrhosis and 43% in mixed cirrhosis, p=ns). (8) An early virological response defined as PCR-HCV negative at 3rd month after treatment and a better adherence (correct doses and correct duration of treatment) were associated with a sustained virological response

Standardization of a new photodiagnosis method based on LEDs for patients with solar urticaria sensitive to visible light

Standard methods for photodiagnosis of solar urticaria are based in exposure of patient skin to different polychromatic UV and visible sources where minimal urticarial doses for different spectral bands (UVB and UVA) are established. Classical photodiagnosis devices are based in solar simulation and use of UVB and UVA enhanced fluorescent lamps. In case of visible US photodiagnosis, US patient skin is exposed for 15 min to a slight projector, provided with halogen lamp, at a distance of 15 cms and presence of erythema and/or wheals is determined as positive reaction. Slights projector is from several years almost out of market due to use of new projection digital technologies and new visible light emerging technologies are good candidates for their substitution as photodiagnosis tool. The objective of the present work is to analyze photodiagnosis of visible light solar urticaria with using a LED device in comparison to normal slight projector exposure protocol. A total of twenty patients, from 7 different photodiagnosis units have participated in the study. Patients, with SU positive to visible light (with or without to UV radiation) following the standard photodiagnosis protocols were included in the study. Slight projector used in all photodiagnosis units were of similar characteristics and irradiance at 15 cm distance, as well as total dose of visible light after 15 min were calculated for each halogen lamp device. LED exposure was performed in parallel in a closed zone of the back of the patients. For LED photodiagnosis a prototype from University of Málaga (Spain) has been developed consisting in a black box provided with 4 holes of 12 mm diameter in which each hole white warm of a LED of 1 W is emitted. Thus, each LEDs dose is controlled independently and the device allows establishing, as well as for UVB and UVA normal protocols a MUD also under visible light. In that case, maximal visible light dose is reached in less than 5 min compared to 15 min under exposure to slight projector. All patients were positive to LED warm visible light with presence of erythema and / or wheals in parallel to the exposure to the slight projector. A MUD to visible light has been established with significant variations between patients which reveals different grade to visible light sensibilization. In conclusion, a new technology of illumination based in LEDs can be used in photodiagnosis of SU.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

La sombra como valor de incidencia de radiación ultravioleta solar para la prevención del cáncer de piel

Introducción: Cada día se ofrecen mejores soluciones informativas a la población en general para educar sobre la prevención frente a la sobreexposición a la radiación ultravioleta solar. El comportamiento del arco solar a lo largo del período del día nos puede dar una información muy importante ya que la incidencia del índice UV en un punto determinada varía a lo largo del ciclo diario, y esta puede ser seguida indirectamente basándonos en el efecto que produce el cambio de longitud de la sombra de un objeto que esté situado al sol. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es el de crear una diana solar de Indice UV basada en la longitud de sombra que ofrece un objeto expuesto al sol. Material y métodos. Se ha construido un dispositivo de seguimiento de la longitud de la sombra. El dispositivo se colocó en el tejado de edificio y la variación diaria de la longitud de la sombra de la varilla se siguío con una cámara web conectada al ordenador y junto a ella se colocó un sensor de índice UV para hacer el seguimiento dicho índice a intervalos de 15 min durante tres meses. A continuación las medidas de longitud de sombra se correlacionaron con el índice UV. Resultados y discusión: Se han obtenido valores de franjas de índice UV con los niveles de Indice UV bajo cuando la distancia de la sombra es mayor a 1.25 la longitud del objeto que realiza la sombra, de índice UV medio (por debajo de 6) cuando la relación distancia sombra/ longitud objeto está entre 0.75 y 1.25 y de índice UV alto cuando la relación está comprendida entre 0.65/0.75. De esta forma se puede configurar una plantilla con los colores similares a la recomendación de la OMS para los distintos niveles de índice UV y la proyección de la sombra de un objeto sobre dicha plantilla coloreada nos indicará en cada momento el riesgo de exposición solar a partir de la distancia de la sombra del objeto proyectada.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Medidas in vivo del grado de fotoprotección del pelo

Introducción: Es conocido que la disminución o ausencia de pelo en cuero cabelludo favorece la exposición excesiva del mismo a las radiaciones lumínicas. Por otra parte, el cuero cabelludo fotoexpuesto de forma crónica por disminución o pérdida de masa capilar favorece la aparición de lesiones precancerosas y debe ser tenido en cuenta como campo de cancerización para la prevención y el tratamiento de cáncer de piel. Se han realizado trabajos que demuestran el grado de protección lumínica que ofrece el pelo, sin embargo en la actualidad no existen datos de fotoprotección del pelo realizado por métodos in vivo. Objetivos: Calcular el factor de protección solar que ofrece el pelo en base a la densidad capilar en condiciones naturales. Material y métodos: Se estimó el grado de transmitancia a la luz ultravioleta mediante el uso de un mini sensor de radiacíon UV que se colocó a la altura del cuero cabelludo bajo la masa capilar en 3 localizaciones diferentes (fronto-parietal, centroparietal y occipital):y se comparó con medidas en superficie en una serie de 25 voluntarios. El grado de atenuación de la luz UV se ponderó por el espectro de acción eritemático y se calculó el factor de protección solar capilar. Además se han tenido en cuenta las siguientes variables: sexo; edad; y tipo de pelo (color, longitud y forma). Resultados: Se observó una disminución de la transmitancia espectral UV a medida que se aumenta la masa capilar. Se caracterizó el factor de protección capilar (FPC) en función de la densidad del pelo y se observó que el aumento de la densidad capilar confiere un incremento exponencial del factor de fotoprotección. Conclusiones: El pelo confiere fotoprotección de amplio espectro siendo el grado de fotoprotección del pelo dependiente principalmente de la densidad capilar.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Cell Death in Cyanobacteria: Current Understanding and Recommendations for a Consensus on Its Nomenclature

Cyanobacteria are globally widespread photosynthetic prokaryotes and are major contributors to global biogeochemical cycles. One of the most critical processes determining cyanobacterial eco-physiology is cellular death. Evidence supports the existence of controlled cellular demise in cyanobacteria, and various forms of cell death have been described as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, cell death research in this phylogenetic group is a relatively young field and understanding of the underlying mechanisms and molecular machinery underpinning this fundamental process remains largely elusive. Furthermore, no systematic classification of modes of cell death has yet been established for cyanobacteria. In this work, we analyzed the state of knowledge in the field of cyanobacterial cell death. Based on that, we propose unified criterion for the definition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in cyanobacteria based on molecular, biochemical, and morphologic aspects following the directions of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD). With this, we aim to provide a guide to standardize the nomenclature related to this topic in a precise and consistent manner, which will facilitate further ecological, evolutionary, and applied research in the field of cyanobacterial cell death.Fil: Aguilera, Anabella. Linnaeus University; SueciaFil: Klemenčič, Marina. University of Ljubljana; EsloveniaFil: Sueldo, Daniela Jorgelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rzymski, Piotr. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network; PoloniaFil: Giannuzzi, Leda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martin, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; Argentin

Standardization of a new photodiagnosis method based on LEDs for patients with solar urticaria

Standard methods for photodiagnosis of solar urticaria are based in exposure of patient skin to different polychromatic UV and visible sources where minimal urticarial doses for different spectral bands (UVB and UVA) are established. Classical photodiagnosis devices are based in solar simulation and use of UVB and UVA enhanced fluorescent lamps. In case of visible US photodiagnosis, US patient skin is exposed for 15 min to a slight projector, provided with halogen lamp, at a distance of 15 cms and presence of erythema and/or wheals is determined as positive reaction. Slights projector is from several years almost out of market due to use of new projection digital technologies and new visible light emerging technologies are good candidates for their substitution as photodiagnosis tool. The objective of the present work is to analyze photodiagnosis of visible light solar urticaria with using a LED device in comparison to normal slight projector exposure protocol. A total of 30patients, from 8 different photodiagnosis units have participated in the study. Patients, with SU positive to visible light (with or without to UV radiation) following the standard photodiagnosis protocols were included in the study. Slight projector used in all photodiagnosis units were of similar characteristics and irradiance at 15 cm distance, as well as total dose of visible light after 15 min were calculated for each halogen lamp device. LED exposure was performed in parallel in a closed zone of the back of the patients. For LED photodiagnosis a prototype from University of Málaga (Spain) has been developed consisting in a black box provided with 4 holes of 12 mm diameter in which each hole white warm of a LEDof 1 W is emitted. Thus, each LEDs dose is controlled independently and the device allows establishing, as well as for UVB and UVA normal protocols a MUD also under visible light. In that case, maximal visible light dose is reached in less than 5 min compared to 15 min under exposure to slight projector. All patients were positive to LED warm visible light with presence of erythema and / or wheals in parallel to the exposure to the slight projector. A MUD to visible light has been established with significant variations between patients which reveals different grade to visible light sensibilization. In conclusion, a new technology of illumination based in LEDs can be used in photodiagnosis of SU.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Sunscreens effectiveness are not altered by concomitant use of moisturizing creams: An ultraviolet reflectance photography study

Background: Sunscreens are widely used to protect the skin against the harmful effects of solar radiation. It is not known whether solar protection factor of a sunscreen is altered by the concomitant use of other cosmetic products. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the protective effect of different commercial and ISO standards sunscreens with high SPF applied shortly before and after application of non-sunscreens galenic formulas type moisturizing creams. Methods: ISO 24444:2019 standard sunscreens, which claimed SPF 16 and 63, as well as 4 different claimed SPF 50 and 50+ commercial sunscreens were prepared and applied in different sequential order to the back of 25 volunteers and compared with different commercial moisturizing formulas. Ultraviolet (UV) reflectance photography followed by image analysis was used to compare untreated skin and skin treated with moisturizing creams alone and combined with sunscreens. Results: The UV reflectance analysis showed no significant changes of the skin color reflectance treated with moisturizing cream compared with untreated skin. Application of the sunscreen formulations were associated with a 35% - 70% decrease in color related to the in vivo expected SPF, indicating significant UV absorption for all sunscreen formulas. All standard and commercial sunscreens showed no significant differences in UV reflection color level when combined with the different moisturizing creams applied before or after the sunscreen. Conclusions: Effectiveness of low- and high-protection sunscreens were not altered by the concomitant use of a moisturizing creams applied shortly before and after the sunscreens.This work has been supported by the project no. PID2020-117224RB-100 of State Programs of Generation of Knowledge and Scientific and Technological Strengthening of the System from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. This is part of the research of the Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA) and the Junta de Andalucía working group CTS-162. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga/CBU

“Dimensión social en el proceso educativo”

Social inequalities have brought with them problems that affect the quality of life lots of families, since the opportunities, treatment and benefits to which a person has access depend largely on their social and economic position. These differences have caused inequity in access to the education, health and housing, especially in urban and rural populations, which can trigger social tensions and destabilization. In fact, there are various social factors that directly affect the educational context, among them: the place of residence, socio-family origin, employment status, lack of basic services, among others, they have caused that the student learning is affected. So, there is an inequality of opportunities to access or continue with their academic training, some of these elements also alter the emotional health of students, in their academic performance. The objective of this research is to determine the social factors, through life history, for the strengthening of the educational process of the students from "Jorge Icaza" School in Latacunga city, school year 2021. The methodology was based on the interpretive paradigm because it allowed us to understand the social reality faced by students. The project is based on qualitative research since it follows the stages: preparatory, field, analytical and informative, descriptive, documentary and field. The method applied is inductive, the technique is the interview, the instrument is the observation guide addressed to the student, parent and teacher. Therefore, the collected information allowed to know the influence that the environment has on academic development. The result is the narrative life story where the most relevant events and experiences in the student´s life and his/her family are described. In addition, the reflections made around several indicators focused on the factors belonging to the social dimension that influence the student's educational process. This project contributes with the reflection about the socio-educational reality of the students, Where the information obtained contributes to the teachers becoming aware and understanding that sometimes the low academic performance is caused by various social problems that the students are face daily.Las desigualdades sociales han traído consigo problemas que afectan la calidad de vida de varias familias, pues las oportunidades, tratos y beneficios a los que accede una persona dependen en gran medida de su posición social y económica. Estas diferencias han provocado que exista inequidad en el acceso a la educación, la salud y vivienda sobre todo en las poblaciones urbanas y rurales lo cual puede desencadenar tensiones sociales y desestabilización. En efecto, existen diversos factores sociales que afectan directamente en el contexto educativo entre ellos: el lugar de residencia, la procedencia socio familiar, la situación laboral, la falta de servicios básicos, entre otros, han provocado que el aprendizaje de los estudiantes se vea afectada, pues se presenta una desigualdad de oportunidades para acceder o continuar con su formación académica, algunos de estos elementos también altera la salud emocional de los estudiantes afectando directamente el rendimiento académico. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los factores sociales, mediante la historia de vida, para el fortalecimiento del proceso educativo de los estudiantes de la unidad educativa “Jorge Icaza”, cantón Latacunga, año 2021. La metodología utilizada se basó en el paradigma interpretativo porque permitió comprender la realidad social a la que se enfrentan los estudiantes. El proyecto tiene el enfoque cualitativo, es de corte descriptiva, documental y de campo. El método aplicado es el inductivo, la técnica es la entrevista, cuyo instrumento es la guía de observación dirigida al estudiante, padre de familia y docente, por tanto, la información recolectada permitió conocer la influencia que tiene el entorno en el desenvolvimiento académico. El resultado es la historia de vida de tipo narrativa, en donde se describen los sucesos y experiencias más relevantes de la vida del estudiante y su familia. Además, se incluyen las reflexiones realizadas en torno a varios indicadores centrados en los factores pertenecientes a la dimensión social que tienen influencia en el proceso educativo del estudiante. Esta investigación aporta con la reflexión acerca de la realidad socio educativa de los estudiantes, por lo cual la información obtenida contribuye a que los docentes se sensibilicen y entiendan que en ocasiones el bajo rendimiento académico es causado por diversos problemas sociales a los que los estudiantes se enfrentan diariamente

Mathematical Challenges in Problem Solving: A proposal for classification in polynomial addition

Los retos matemáticos son desafíos que presenta un estudiante cuando no es capaz de resolver un determinado problema generando interés en él. Estos desafíos están relacionados con el dominio de las habilidades que los estudiantes deben tener. Cabe agregar que este dominio de habilidades es un tema de interés en Honduras porque en los últimos años se han implementado pruebas estandarizadas de evaluación a nivel nacional y regional con el objetivo de medir el desempeño de los estudiantes en educación básica. Los resultados obtenidos en las últimas evaluaciones muestran grandes deficiencias de conocimiento en alumnos del tercer ciclo de educación básica (séptimo a noveno grado), donde el rendimiento promedio porcentual en expresiones algebraicas oscila entre el 26% y 35% (Secretaría de Educación SE, 2014, p. 49). Después de las consideraciones anteriores es fácil determinar que los estudiantes tienen dificultades en el bloque de expresiones algebraicas donde se aborda el tema de polinomios. Con el interés de contribuir al mejoramiento de la situación surge el presente estudio haciendo énfasis en la suma de polinomios. Donde se aborda esta temática y se busca detectar los retos que presentan los estudiantes en esta sección.Students present mathematical challenges when they are unable to solve a particular problem, there by generating interest in the topic. It is important to note that these challenges are related to the domain of skills that students should possess. Honduras is particularly interested in the domain of skills, since standardized assessment tests have been implemented at the national and regional levels in recent years with the purpose of measuring the performance of students in basic education. Based on the results obtained in the latest evaluation, students who have completed the third cycle of basic education (seventh to ninth grade) have significant knowledge deficiencies, with an average percentage of performance in algebraic expressions ranging between 26%and 35% (Secretaría de Educación SE, 2014, p.49). After the above considerations it is easy to determine that students have difficulties in the block of algebraic expressions where the topic of polynomials is addressed. In order to contribute to the improvement of the situation, the present study addresses this topic and seeks to identify the challenges presented by students in this section